Chapter2

Question 1

What is an STI?

Answer 1

A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites, transmitted when unprotected sexual contact (vaginal, anal, oral) and skin to skin genital contact. Transmitted via body fluids through sexual contact.

Question 2

What is Gonorrhea?

Answer 2

Infectious disease spread through sexual contact.

Question 3

What is the cause of Gonorrhea?

Answer 3

Bacteria found in mucous areas in body (vagina, penis, throat, rectum). Any sexual active person can infected Gonorrhea. Normally younger people 15-30 with mutiple sex partners.

Question 4

How is Gonorrhea spread?

Answer 4

Sexual contact. ( Penis to vagina, penis to mouth, penis to rectum, mouth to vagina ). Also, mother to child during birth.

Question 5

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in males?

Answer 5

Appear after 2-7 days but can take up to 30 to appear. Often no symptoms. 10-15% with no symptoms.

Burning pain while urinating. (Inflammation in urethra)

Yellowish white discharge (pus) from penis

Red, swollen end of penis

Painful swollen testes (inflammation if testes)

Sores/ulcers also develop on penis and genitals

Question 6

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea in females?

Answer 6

80% of no symptoms.

Vaginal charge of pus from vagina (inflammation of urethra and vagina).

Pain during intercourse

Pain in lower abdomen and uterine

Possibly some burning urination

Sores/ulcers also develop on genitals

Question 7

What are the effects of gonorrhea?

Answer 7

Damage to urinary and reproductive organs, sterility in males, infertility in females, blindness baby born, antibodies against disease, maybe arthritis, skin problems, organ infections, caused by gonorrhea spread through the body.

Question 8

How do you treat gonorrhea?

Answer 8

Antibiotics

Question 9

What is syphilis?

Answer 9

I highly contagious bacterial infection. Causes serious life-threatening complications, if left on treated. Painless sores, chancres.
Progresses through various stages, remaining inactive for many years.

Question 10

How is syphilis spread?

Answer 10

Usually contact with persons sore through sexual contact. Also mother to baby pregnancy or birth.
Sex

Question 11

Stage 1 of syphilis?

Answer 11

Painless sore on contact part, three weeks after infection. (Penis, mouth, vulva, inside anus, vagina). Will heal itself in three weeks.

Question 12

Stage 2 of syphilis?

Answer 12

After six weeks to six months skin gets red rashes.

Ulceration results - large ulcers develop on body.

Swollen lymphs glands in pelvis

Flu-like symptoms: fever, weight loss

Hair loss

Question 13

Stage 3 of syphilis?

Answer 13

Not treated, goes into latent stage for several years.

Numbness, paralysis, loss of coordination, brain damage can occur.

Can also get stroke, dementia and insanity can be result.

Blindness and deafness can also set in.

Heart diseases, cardiac muscle damage, blood vessel damage occurs.

Damage of eg liver, skeletal, joints.

Death

Question 14

How do you treat syphilis?

Answer 14

Antibiotic
In early stage: single injection of long - acting penicillin.
Also effective in large doses treating later stage.
Will kill bacterium and prevent further damage, but cannot cure damage already done.

Question 15

How do you prevent STI’s?

Answer 15

Monogamous: one sexual partner

Abstinence only way 100% clean

Barrier contraception: condoms femidoms reduce chance infection

Education about infections

Not drugs or alcohol increase risky behavior risk of sexual assault possible exposure to STI’S.

Get tested

Question 16

What are the effects of STI’s?

Answer 16

Problems getting pregnant

Permanent infertility

Severe problems during pregnancy

Health problems for unborn baby

Infection in other parts of body

Permanent organ damage

Cancer eg cervical cancer

Death

Question 17

What is contraception?

Answer 17

Medication, practices, devices to prevent pregnancy.

Natural
Chemical
Surgical
Barrier

Question 18

Natural methods?

Answer 18

Observations about woman’s body and menstrual cycle to prevent pregnancy.

Abstinence
Monitoring temp, cervical mucus
Rhythm method (calendar method)

Question 19

Chemical method?

Answer 19

Contraceptive pill, IUD(intrauterine device), spermicidal agents, contraceptive implant, contraceptive injection.
Hormones that can prevent pregnancy or ovulation.

Question 20

Surgical method?

Answer 20

Vasectomy (male sterilization)
Tubal ligation (female sterilization)
Operation total infertile.

Question 21

Barrier method?

Answer 21

Cervical caps block sperm passing through cervix and reaching uterus and egg cells.
Condom, trap semen sperm cells cannot swim with egg cell.

Not so effective preventing pregnancy. Advantage protection against STI’s. Forms layer between penis; vagina prevent pathogens between them during sex.

Question 22

What is immunization?

Answer 22

Increase defense against infection.
Vaccine stimulate immune system to develop immunity against pathogen and therefor infectious disease.
Vaccine: injection or drops

Question 23

What is passive immunity?

Answer 23

Resistance against infectious disease, without doing anything to gain resistance.
Receive ready-made antibodies, disappear after while - temporary protection
Body does not have memory cells to produce more antibodies.

Question 24

What is natural passive immunity?

Answer 24

Pregnancy - antibodies cross placenta from mother to foetus.

After birth, babies antibodies breast milk - antibodies in mother’s blood from previous immunizations.

Babies acquire passive immunity from mother by getting ready made antibodies

Question 25

What is artificial passive immunity?

Answer 25

Snakes are milked for their venom

Venom mixtures then injected into animals, preferably horses.

Blood collected from animals, antibodies extracted

To treat snake bites by venomous snakes, antiserum with antibodies is injected into victim.

Question 26

What is active immunity?

Answer 26

Gives person longterm protection against disease

Lymphocytes (type of white blood cell) differentiate into memory cells so body can produce own antibodies before symptoms are shown.

Question 27

What is natural active immunity?

Answer 27

Exposed to live pathogen as a child and develops an infectious disease. (Chicken pox, mumps, measles)

During recovery, lymphocytes produces correct antibodies.

Lymphocytes become memory cells so if same pathogen enters, lymphocytes will release correct antibodies quickly, prevent symptoms.

Long lasting

Question 28

What is artificial immunity?

Answer 28

Vaccinated against infectious disease, oral vaccination, injection

Harmless or weakened form of disease, killed, inactivated toxin.

Lymphocytes produce correct antibodies in response to vaccine.

Lymphocytes become memory cells if real pathogen enters, release correct antibodies quickly prevent symptoms of disease.

Own antibodies, long lasting