Chapter 11 and 10 Flashcards
What is breathing?
Muscular mechanism transporting air containing oxygen from external atmosphere to lungs; air containing carbon dioxide from lungs to external atmosphere.
Inhalation; exhalation
Ventilation
What is gaseous exchange?
Process taking place between thin walls of alveoli and capillaries.
Diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to blood capillaries
Diffusion of carbon dioxide from blood capillaries to alveoli
What is respiration?
Occurs in cells
Food molecules absorbed after digestion and are taken in and broken down. Energy is released for power, movement, growth and repair.
Biochemical process: cells obtain, combine glucose and oxygen which equals carbon dioxide water and energy
What is the importance of breathing for cell respiration?
Breathing for respiration = energy released
Breathing oxygen into lungs = oxygen into body cells
Nutrition: after food digested, glucose also move to the body cells. In mitochondria glucose reacts with oxygen to produce ATP ( adenosine triphosphate)
Energy stored cell as ATP: released for active transport, movement, maintenance of body temperature, nerve impulse transmissions
Carbon dioxide water = waste products
What is the process of cellular respiration?
- Oxygen and glucose to cells
- Breathe oxygen into body
- Nutrition - food digested into glucose
- Mitochondrion respiration produce ATP. ( energy stored; released from ATP)
Nasal cavity?
Clean, moistures, warms air breathed in
Pharynx?
Moisten, filters air before moves into trachea
Epiglottis?
Seal windpipe when you swallow
Larynx?
Organ produce sound
C-shaped cartilage rings?
Holds trachea open to prevent collapsing
Trachea?
Deliver air from mouth to bronchi. Connects larynx to bronchi
O-shaped cartilage rings?
Holds bronchus open to prevent collapsing
Bronchus?
Split air between lungs. Conducts air from trachea to lungs.
Bronchiole?
Branch off bronchi into lungs.
Transport air to alveoli.
Alveoli?
Allow oxygen to pass to bloodstream; carbon dioxide to pass from bloodstream to alveoli and exit the body.
Pleural membranes?
Reduce friction in lungs by lining chest cavity Creates fluids (pleural fluids) surrounding lungs
Diaphragm?
Assist breathing by contracting and relaxing
Internal and external intercostal muscles?
Aid in breathing by elevating ribs, expanding the thoracic cavity
Ribs?
Strong framework protects and encloses heart and lungs
What is the importance of breathing?
Supply body with bodies/organs with oxygen
Get rid of waste products
What phase of breathing is inhalation?
Active
What happens to your diaphragm when you inhale?
- diaphragm contracts, less dome shaped, flattens; move down
What happens to your abdominal muscles when you inhale?
Relax to accommodate intestines
What happens to your external intercostal muscles when you inhale?
Contract
What happens ribs and sternum when you inhale?
Up; out
What happens to your thoracic cavity when you inhale?
Increase in volume
What happens to your internal pressure when you inhale?
Decrease
What happens to your lungs when you inhale?
Elastic lungs expand
Inflate
What is the phase of breathing when you exhale?
Passive
What happens to your diaphragm when you exhale?
Relax, more dome shaped, move upwards
What happens to your abdominal muscles when you exhale?
Contract, forcing abdominal contents against diaphragm.
What happens to your intercostal muscles when you exhale?
Contract
What happens to your ribs, sternum when you exhale?
Down and in to resting position
What happens to your when thoracic cavity you exhale?
Decreases in volume
What happens to your internal pressure when you exhale?
Increase
What happens to your lungs when you exhale?
Compressed
Deflate
Carbon dioxide out
What is the difference between breathing and respiration?
B: air in and out of lungs; R: in body cells
B: air in and out of lungs; R: break down glucose release energy
B: energy not released; R: energy released
B: ribs, chest involved; R: muscles not involved
What is the elementary canal?
Tubular passage, functioning in conveying, digesting, absorption of food.
Elimination indigested food residue
What is the digestive system?
Organs of elementary canal and all other organs that aid in digestion
What is the mouth and mouth cavity?
It is the opening of the elimentary canal, bound by 2 lips and contains tongue, teeth, duct openings of salivary glands
What does mastication do to help?
Make swallowing easier
Increase surface area for enzyme activity to mix food with saliva
Mechanical digestion
How does the 6 salivary glands aid?
Water, mucus to soften, moisten, lubricate dry food and the eosophagus
What chemical digestion takes place in the mouth?
Food in mouth for few seconds, very little digestion.
Saliva secreted, salivary enzyme amylase; insoluble starch to soluble maltose.
What is the final step that takes place in the mouth?
Food rolled into bolus, pushed by tongue into pharynx
What is the pharynx?
Area back of mouth where the windpipe coming from nose, cross the oesophagus.
Part between mouth cavity and oesophagus
What happens in the pharynx during digestion?
Tongue pushes masticated food into pharynx, contracts by muscular action 2 push bolus into oesophagus
What is the oesophagus?
Tube starting in pharynx, ending in opening of stomach
How does move from pharynx to stomach through oesophagus?
Wave of peristalsis force food through tube into stomach
What stops the food from going back into oesophagus?
Cardiac sphincter muscle between stomach and oesophagus
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Flap enclose windpipe when swallow to ensure the food going into oesophagus.
What two sphincter muscles encloses the stomach?
Entry: Cardiac sphincter
End: pyloric sphincter
What is the process of digestion in the stomach?
- Foods; liquids into stomach
- Stomach wall expand
- Holds, stores food
- Circular muscles cause wave like contractions:
- Churn up food mix with gastric juice form gastric glands in lining. ( hydrochloric acid and pepsin)
- Churning cause semi liquid chyme
- Absorption soluble molecules (glucose, water, alcohol, minerals)
What is HCI?
Antiseptic kill pathogens like bacteria
What is the function of the liver?
Produce bile (stored in gallbladder)
Storehouse for minerals eg iron; vitamins A; B; D
Detoxification harmful substances (alcohol)
How is the enzymes secreted in the pancreas?
Pancreatic duct secrete pancreatic juice
What enzymes does pancreatic juice contain?
Amylase
Trypsin
Lipase
Sodium bicarbonate - neutralises stomach acids, changes pH from acid to alkaline
Where does the most digestion take place?
In the small intestine,more specifically, the duodenum
What enzymes are in the duodenum?
Maltase
Lipase
Sucrase
What is chyle and where is it found?
Chyle is a mix of many small soluble molecules (amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, glucose, fructose, vitamins, minerals) - soluble molecules absorbed into bloodstream
What does the ileum have to aid in digestion?
- ridges
- folds
- walls covered with villi to increase surface area
What is the parts of the large intestine?
Caecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anus
What indigestible materials does the colon receive?
Plant fibers, cellulose, bacteria, dead cells dislodged by friction in intestinal walls, mucus, large quantity water, bile salts, some minerals/vitamins
What is absorbed in the colon?
Water, minerals, some vitamins (K;B)
What does the colon do with the chyle?
Compact digestible residue semi - solid feaces
How is feaces release?
defecation anus, controlled by anal sphincter muscle
What is the caecum?
Pouch - like structure receives chyle from ileum
What is the appendix?
Finger - like tube attached to caecum.
What enzyme does salivary glands produce and what is its function?
Salivary enzymes: starch to maltose
What enzymes does the pancreas produce and what is its function?
Pancreatic amylase: starch - maltose
Trypsin: polypeptides - amino acids
Lipase: lipids - fatty acids and glycerol
What enzymes does the small intestine produce and and what is its function?
Lipase: lipids - fatty acids and glycerol
Maltase: maltose - glucose
What enzyme does the stomach produce and what is its function?
Pepsin: proteins - polypeptides
What is swallowing?
Substance through mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, shutting epiglottis automatically.
What is the process of swallowing before peristalsis takes place?
- Food rolled bolus
- Bolus mixed with saliva, placed back of tongue
- Soft portion of roof of mouth rise, nasal cavities closed off
- Tongue rolls backward, push bolus into pharynx
- Breathing temporarily stops, epiglottis closes
- Pressure in pharynx and mouth push food into oesophagus
- Oesophagel sphincter relax, open, food approach
- Upper oesophagel sphincter close, prevent food from moving back into mouth.
And then of course peristalsis takes place.
What is the process of peristalsis?
Circular muscles behind bolus contract, longitudinal muscles relax.
Circular muscles muscles ahead bolus relax, longitudinal muscles contract.
Antagonistic muscle action.
How many teeth does grownups have?
8 incisors
4 canines
8 premolars
12 molars
How may teeth do young children have?
8 molars
8 incisors
4 canines
What is the shape and function of incisors?
Front teeth
Chisel shaped
Biting;cutting
What is the shape and function of canines?
Pointed teeth
Grasping; tearing
What is the shape and function of premolars?
Ridges, furrowed
Crushing, grinding, chewing
What is the shape and function of molars?
4 cusps, 3 roots
Crushing, chewing, grinding
What is the importance of fluoride in toothpaste?
Increase strength of enamel
Protect teeth from decay
What are the causes of decay?
Plague contains bacteria always forming on the gums
Bacteria digest food in mouth, stuck to teeth
Bacteria feed on sugars, creates acids
Over period time, acids dissolve enamel, dentine
Cavity reach pulp cavity - toothache
Why is baking soda good for your teeth?
Neutralizes acids in mouth
Why is antibacterial agents good for your mouth?
Destroy plague bacteria
