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BioPsych > Chapter18 > Flashcards

Chapter18 Flashcards

1
Q

psychiatric disorders

A

disorders of psychological function sufficiently severe to require treatment

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2
Q

positive symptoms

A

symptoms that seem to represent an excess of normal function. delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect, incoherent speech or thought, odd behavior.

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3
Q

negative symptoms

A

symptoms that seem to represent a reduction or less of normal function. affective flattering, allege, abolition, anhedonia, catatonia

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4
Q

hallucinations

A

imaginary voices making critical comments or telling patients what to do

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5
Q

inappropriate affect

A

failure to react with the appropriate emotion to positive or negative events

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6
Q

incoherent thought or speech

A

illogical thinking, echolalia, peculiar associations among ideas, belief in supernatural forces

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7
Q

odd behavior

A

difficulty performing everyday tasks, lack of personal hygiene, talking in rhymes

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8
Q

affective flattening

A

reduction or absence of emotional expression

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9
Q

alogia

A

reduction or absence of speech

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10
Q

avolition

A

reduction or absence of motivation

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11
Q

anhedonia

A

inability to experience pleasure

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12
Q

catatonia

A

remaining motionless, often in awkward positions for long periods

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13
Q

chlorpromazine

A

first ansischizophrenic drug. alleviates schizophrenic symptoms.

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14
Q

reserpine

A

active ingredient of snakeroot plant. has an anti schizophrenic effect, however it produces a dangerous decline in blood pressure at the doses needed for treatment

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15
Q

dopamine theory of schizophrenia

A

theory that schizophrenia is causes by too much dopamine and, conversely, that anti schizophrenic drugs exert their effects by decreasing dopamine levels.

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16
Q

dopamine theory of schizophrenia

A

theory that schizophrenia is causes by too much dopamine and, conversely, that anti schizophrenic drugs exert their effects by decreasing dopamine levels.

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17
Q

metabolites

A

substances that are created by the breakdown of another substance in cells

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18
Q

haloperidol

A

one of the most potent anti schizophrenic drugs. low affinity for dopamine receptors

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19
Q

phenothiazines

A

chemical class of chlorpomazine

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20
Q

butyrophenones

A

chemical class of haloperidol and other anti schizophrenic drugs

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21
Q

neuroleptics

A

antischizophrenic drugs

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22
Q

atypical neuroleptics

A

drugs that are effective against schizophrenia without binding strongly to D2 receptors

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23
Q

clozapine

A

first atypical neuroleptic to be licensed for clinical use and has an affinity for D1 receptors, D4 receptors, and several serotonin and histamine receptors but only slight affinity for D2 receptors

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24
Q

clozapine

A

first atypical neuroleptic to be licensed for clinical use and has an affinity for D1 receptors, D4 receptors, and several serotonin and histamine receptors but only slight affinity for D2 receptors

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25
Q

psychedelic drugs

A

a drug whose primary action is to alter perception, emotion, and cognition

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26
Q

anhedonia

A

loss of capability to experience pleasure

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27
Q

clinical depression/ major depressive disorder

A

depression that is so severe that it is difficult for the patient to meet the essential requirements of daily life

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28
Q

affective disorder

A

any psychiatric disorder characterized by disturbances of mood or emotion

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29
Q

mania

A

and affective disorder characterized by overconfidence, impulsivity, distractibility, and high energy

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30
Q

mood disorders

A

A.K.A affective disorders

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31
Q

bipolar affective disorder

A

depression patientes who experience periods of mania

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32
Q

unipolar affective disorder

A

depression patients who do not experience periods of mania

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33
Q

reactive depression

A

depression triggered by negative experiences

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34
Q

endogenous depression

A

depression with no apparent cause

35
Q

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

attacks of depression and lethargy typically occur every winter

36
Q

postpartum depression

A

intense, sustained depression experienced by some women after they give birth

37
Q

iproniazid

A

first antidepressant drug

38
Q

monoamino oxidase (MAO)

A

the enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitter in the cytoplasm

39
Q

MAO inhibitors

A

antidepressant drugs that increase the level of monoamine neurotransmitters by inhibiting the action of monoamine oxidase

40
Q

cheese effect

A

the surges in blood pressure that occur when individuals taking MAO inhibitors consume tyramine-rich foods, such as cheese

41
Q

tricyclic antidepressants

A

antidepressant whose chemical structures include three rings of atoms

42
Q

imipramine

A

the first tricyclic antidepressant, initially thought to be an anti schizophrenic drug

43
Q

selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

serotonin agonists that exert agonistic effects by blocking the repute of serotonin from the synapses

44
Q

prozac

A

first SSRI to be developed

45
Q

selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

A

used against depression and block norepinephrine

46
Q

mood stabilizers

A

drugs that act against depression without increasing mania, or conversely, act against mania without increasing depression

47
Q

lithium

A

simple metallic ion found to act as a mood stabilizer

48
Q

lithium

A

simple metallic ion found to act as a mood stabilizer

49
Q

monoamine theory

A

depression is associated with under activity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses

50
Q

up-regulation

A

when an insufficient amount of a neurotransmitter is released at the synapse, there are usually compensatory increases in the number of receptors for that neurotransmitter

51
Q

anxiety disorder

A

anxiety that becomes severe enough that it disrupts normal functioning. associated with feelings of anxiety and with a variety of physiological stress reactions

52
Q

tachycardia

A

rapid heartbeat

53
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

54
Q

generalized anxiety disorders

A

characterized by stress responses and extreme feelings of anxiety that occur in the absence of any obvious precipitating stimulus

55
Q

phobic anxiety disorders

A

triggered by exposure to particular objects

56
Q

agoraphobia

A

pathological fear of public places and open spaces

57
Q

panic disorders

A

rapid-onset attacks of extreme fear and severe symptoms of stress

58
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorders

A

characterized by frequently recurring, uncontrollable, anxiety-producing thought (obsessions) and impulses (compulsions)

59
Q

post-traumatic stress disorder

A

persistent pattern of psychological distress following exposure to an extreme stress

60
Q

post-traumatic stress disorder

A

persistent pattern of psychological distress following exposure to an extreme stress

61
Q

benzodiazepines

A

widely prescribed for treatment of anxiety disorders. also prescribed as sleep-inducing drugs, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants

62
Q

ataxia

A

disruption of motor activity

63
Q

buspirone

A

widely used in the treatment of anxiety disorders

64
Q

comorbidity

A

their tendency to occur together in the same individual

65
Q

anxiolytic drugs

A

anti-anxiety drugs

66
Q

elevated-plus-maze test

A

four-armed maze where two arms have sides and two do not, elevated from the group. measure of anxiety proportion of time the rats spend in the enclosed arms, rather than venturing onto the exposed arms

67
Q

defensive-burying test

A

rats are shocked by a wire-wrapped wooden dowel mounted on the wall. the measure of anxiety is the amount of time the rats spent spraying bedding material form the floor at the source of the shock

68
Q

risk-assessment test

A

after a single brief exposure to a cat, rats flee to their burrows and freeze and then engage in a variety of risk taking behaviors before their behaviors returns to normal. the measure of anxiety is the amount of time the rat spends frozen and risk assessment

69
Q

tourette syndrom

A

a disorder of tics

70
Q

tics

A

involuntary, repetitive stereotyped movements or vocalizations

71
Q

coprolalia

A

uttering obscenities

72
Q

echolalia

A

repetition of another’s words

73
Q

palilalia

A

repetition of one’s own words

74
Q

rebound

A

the tics become even worse following a period of suppression

75
Q

rebound

A

the tics become even worse following a period of suppression

76
Q

translational research

A

research designed to translate basic scientific discoveries into effective clinical treatments

77
Q

clinical trials

A

studies conducted on human volunteers to assess the therapeutic efficacy of an untested drug or other treatment

78
Q

protocol

A

conditions

79
Q

placebo-control groups

A

groups of patients who receive a control substance rather than the drug

80
Q

double-blind

A

the tests are conducted so that neither the patients nor the physicians interacting with them know the treatment each patient received.

81
Q

active placebos

A

control drugs that have no therapeutic effect bu produce side effects similar to those produced by the drug under evaluation

82
Q

orphan drugs

A

drugs for which the market is too small for them to be profitable

83
Q

translational bottleneck

A

only a small proportion of potentially valuable ideas or treatments receive funding for translational research

BioPsych (12 decks)

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