Chapter18 Flashcards
psychiatric disorders
disorders of psychological function sufficiently severe to require treatment
positive symptoms
symptoms that seem to represent an excess of normal function. delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect, incoherent speech or thought, odd behavior.
negative symptoms
symptoms that seem to represent a reduction or less of normal function. affective flattering, allege, abolition, anhedonia, catatonia
hallucinations
imaginary voices making critical comments or telling patients what to do
inappropriate affect
failure to react with the appropriate emotion to positive or negative events
incoherent thought or speech
illogical thinking, echolalia, peculiar associations among ideas, belief in supernatural forces
odd behavior
difficulty performing everyday tasks, lack of personal hygiene, talking in rhymes
affective flattening
reduction or absence of emotional expression
alogia
reduction or absence of speech
avolition
reduction or absence of motivation
anhedonia
inability to experience pleasure
catatonia
remaining motionless, often in awkward positions for long periods
chlorpromazine
first ansischizophrenic drug. alleviates schizophrenic symptoms.
reserpine
active ingredient of snakeroot plant. has an anti schizophrenic effect, however it produces a dangerous decline in blood pressure at the doses needed for treatment
dopamine theory of schizophrenia
theory that schizophrenia is causes by too much dopamine and, conversely, that anti schizophrenic drugs exert their effects by decreasing dopamine levels.
dopamine theory of schizophrenia
theory that schizophrenia is causes by too much dopamine and, conversely, that anti schizophrenic drugs exert their effects by decreasing dopamine levels.
metabolites
substances that are created by the breakdown of another substance in cells
haloperidol
one of the most potent anti schizophrenic drugs. low affinity for dopamine receptors
phenothiazines
chemical class of chlorpomazine
butyrophenones
chemical class of haloperidol and other anti schizophrenic drugs
neuroleptics
antischizophrenic drugs
atypical neuroleptics
drugs that are effective against schizophrenia without binding strongly to D2 receptors
clozapine
first atypical neuroleptic to be licensed for clinical use and has an affinity for D1 receptors, D4 receptors, and several serotonin and histamine receptors but only slight affinity for D2 receptors
clozapine
first atypical neuroleptic to be licensed for clinical use and has an affinity for D1 receptors, D4 receptors, and several serotonin and histamine receptors but only slight affinity for D2 receptors
psychedelic drugs
a drug whose primary action is to alter perception, emotion, and cognition
anhedonia
loss of capability to experience pleasure
clinical depression/ major depressive disorder
depression that is so severe that it is difficult for the patient to meet the essential requirements of daily life
affective disorder
any psychiatric disorder characterized by disturbances of mood or emotion
mania
and affective disorder characterized by overconfidence, impulsivity, distractibility, and high energy
mood disorders
A.K.A affective disorders
bipolar affective disorder
depression patientes who experience periods of mania
unipolar affective disorder
depression patients who do not experience periods of mania
reactive depression
depression triggered by negative experiences
endogenous depression
depression with no apparent cause
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
attacks of depression and lethargy typically occur every winter
postpartum depression
intense, sustained depression experienced by some women after they give birth
iproniazid
first antidepressant drug
monoamino oxidase (MAO)
the enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitter in the cytoplasm
MAO inhibitors
antidepressant drugs that increase the level of monoamine neurotransmitters by inhibiting the action of monoamine oxidase
cheese effect
the surges in blood pressure that occur when individuals taking MAO inhibitors consume tyramine-rich foods, such as cheese
tricyclic antidepressants
antidepressant whose chemical structures include three rings of atoms
imipramine
the first tricyclic antidepressant, initially thought to be an anti schizophrenic drug
selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
serotonin agonists that exert agonistic effects by blocking the repute of serotonin from the synapses
prozac
first SSRI to be developed
selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
used against depression and block norepinephrine
mood stabilizers
drugs that act against depression without increasing mania, or conversely, act against mania without increasing depression
lithium
simple metallic ion found to act as a mood stabilizer
lithium
simple metallic ion found to act as a mood stabilizer
monoamine theory
depression is associated with under activity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses
up-regulation
when an insufficient amount of a neurotransmitter is released at the synapse, there are usually compensatory increases in the number of receptors for that neurotransmitter
anxiety disorder
anxiety that becomes severe enough that it disrupts normal functioning. associated with feelings of anxiety and with a variety of physiological stress reactions
tachycardia
rapid heartbeat
hypertension
high blood pressure
generalized anxiety disorders
characterized by stress responses and extreme feelings of anxiety that occur in the absence of any obvious precipitating stimulus
phobic anxiety disorders
triggered by exposure to particular objects
agoraphobia
pathological fear of public places and open spaces
panic disorders
rapid-onset attacks of extreme fear and severe symptoms of stress
obsessive-compulsive disorders
characterized by frequently recurring, uncontrollable, anxiety-producing thought (obsessions) and impulses (compulsions)
post-traumatic stress disorder
persistent pattern of psychological distress following exposure to an extreme stress
post-traumatic stress disorder
persistent pattern of psychological distress following exposure to an extreme stress
benzodiazepines
widely prescribed for treatment of anxiety disorders. also prescribed as sleep-inducing drugs, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants
ataxia
disruption of motor activity
buspirone
widely used in the treatment of anxiety disorders
comorbidity
their tendency to occur together in the same individual
anxiolytic drugs
anti-anxiety drugs
elevated-plus-maze test
four-armed maze where two arms have sides and two do not, elevated from the group. measure of anxiety proportion of time the rats spend in the enclosed arms, rather than venturing onto the exposed arms
defensive-burying test
rats are shocked by a wire-wrapped wooden dowel mounted on the wall. the measure of anxiety is the amount of time the rats spent spraying bedding material form the floor at the source of the shock
risk-assessment test
after a single brief exposure to a cat, rats flee to their burrows and freeze and then engage in a variety of risk taking behaviors before their behaviors returns to normal. the measure of anxiety is the amount of time the rat spends frozen and risk assessment
tourette syndrom
a disorder of tics
tics
involuntary, repetitive stereotyped movements or vocalizations
coprolalia
uttering obscenities
echolalia
repetition of another’s words
palilalia
repetition of one’s own words
rebound
the tics become even worse following a period of suppression
rebound
the tics become even worse following a period of suppression
translational research
research designed to translate basic scientific discoveries into effective clinical treatments
clinical trials
studies conducted on human volunteers to assess the therapeutic efficacy of an untested drug or other treatment
protocol
conditions
placebo-control groups
groups of patients who receive a control substance rather than the drug
double-blind
the tests are conducted so that neither the patients nor the physicians interacting with them know the treatment each patient received.
active placebos
control drugs that have no therapeutic effect bu produce side effects similar to those produced by the drug under evaluation
orphan drugs
drugs for which the market is too small for them to be profitable
translational bottleneck
only a small proportion of potentially valuable ideas or treatments receive funding for translational research
