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Chapter13 Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands that release chemicals into ducts that carry them to targets, mostly on the surface of the body.

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2
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands that release chemicals called hormones directly into the circulatory system.

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3
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals released by the endocrine system directly into the circulatory system.

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4
Q

Gonads

A

The testes and the ovaries.

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5
Q

Testes

A

The male gonads.

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6
Q

Ovaries

A

The female gonads.

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7
Q

Copulation

A

Sexual intercourse.

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8
Q

Zygote

A

The cell formed from the amalgamation of a sperm cell and an ovum.

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9
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

The pair of chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex: XX for a female and XY for a male.

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10
Q

Amino acid derivative hormones

A

Hormones that are synthesized in a few simple steps from amino acids.

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11
Q

3 classes of vertebrate hormones

A

Amino acid derivatives, peptides and proteins, and steroids.

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12
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Hormones that are short chains of amino acids.

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13
Q

Protein hormones

A

Hormones that are long chains of amino acids.

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14
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol.

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15
Q

Androgens

A

The class of steroid hormones that includes testosterone.

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16
Q

Estrogens

A

The class of steroid hormones that are released in large amounts by ovaries.

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17
Q

Testosterone

A

The most common androgen.

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18
Q

Estradiol

A

The most common estrogen.

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19
Q

Progestins

A

The class of steroid hormones that includes progesterone.

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20
Q

Progesterone

A

A progestin that prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy.

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21
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

The outer layer of the adrenal glands, which releases glucocorticoids in response to stressors, as well as steroid hormones in small amounts.

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22
Q

Gonadotropin

A

The pituitary tropic hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the gonads.

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23
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

The part of the pituitary gland that contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons.

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24
Q

Pituitary stalk

A

The structure connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

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25
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

The part of the pituitary gland that releases tropic hormones. hypothalamic inhibiting and hypothalamic releasing hormones

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26
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

The hormone-regulated cycle in women of follicle growth, egg releases, build-up of the uterus lining, and menstruation.

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27
Q

Vasopressin

A

One of the two major peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary; it facilitates reabsorption of water by kidneys and is thus called antidiuretic hormone.

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28
Q

Oxytocin

A

One of the two major peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary, which in females stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor and the ejection of milk during suckling.

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29
Q

Paraventricular nuclei

A

Hypothalamic nuclei that play a role in eating and synthesize hormones released by the posterior pituitary.

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30
Q

Supraoptic nuclei

A

Hypothalamic nuclei in which hormones of the posterior pituitary are synthesized.

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31
Q

Hypothalamopituitary portal system

A

The vascular network that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

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32
Q

Releasing hormones

A

Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the release of hormones from he anterior pituitary.

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33
Q

Release-inhibiting hormones

A

Hypothalamic hormones that inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.

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34
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormones

A

The hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the release of thyrotropin from the anterior pituitary.

35
Q

Thyrotropin

A

The anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the thyroid gland.

36
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

The hypothalamic releasing hormone that controls the release of the two gonadotropic hormones form the anterior pituitary.

37
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

The gonadotropic hormone that stimulates development of ovarian follicles.

38
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

The gonadotropic hormone that causes the developing ovum to be released from its follicle.

39
Q

Pulsatile hormone release

A

The typical pattern of hormone release, which occurs in large surges several times a day.

40
Q

Sry gene

A

A gene on the Y chromosome that triggers the release of Sry protein, which in turn stimulates the development of the testes.

41
Q

Sry protein

A

A protein that causes the medulla of each primordial gonad into a testis.

42
Q

Wolffian system

A

The embryonic precursor of the male reproductive ducts.

43
Q

Mullerian system

A

The embryonic precursor of the female reproductive ducts.

44
Q

Mullerian-inhibiting substance

A

The testicular hormone that causes the precursor of the female reproductive ducts to degenerate and the testes to descend.

45
Q

Scrotum

A

The sac that holds the male testes outside of the body cavity.

46
Q

Ovariectomy

A

The removal of the ovaries.

47
Q

Orchidectomy

A

The removal of the testes.

48
Q

Gonadectomy

A

The surgical removal of the gonads (testes or ovaries); castration.

49
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Body features, other that the reproductive organs, that distinguish men from women.

50
Q

Growth hormone

A

The anterior pituitary hormone that acts directly on bone and muscle tissue to produce the pubertal growth spurt.

51
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

The anterior pituitary hormone that triggers the release of gonadal and adrenal hormones from the adrenal cortices.

52
Q

Androstenedioine

A

The adrenal androgen that triggers the growth of pubic and axillary hair in human females.

53
Q

Aromatase

A

An enzyme that promotes the conversion of testosterone to estradiol.

54
Q

Aromatization

A

The chemical process by which testosterone is converted to estradiol.

55
Q

Aromatization hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that the brain is masculinized by estradiol that is produced from perinatal testosterone through a process called aromatization.

56
Q

Alpha fetoprotein

A

A protein that is presented in the blood of many mammals during the perinatal period and that deactivates circulating estradiol by binding to it.

57
Q

Masculinizes

A

Enhances or produces male characteristics.

58
Q

Defeminizes

A

Suppresses or disrupts female characteristics.

59
Q

Lordosis

A

The arched-backed, pump-up, tail-to-the-side posture of female rodent sexual receptivity, which serves to facilitate intromission.

60
Q

Feminizes

A

Enhances or produces female characteristics.

61
Q

Demasculinizes

A

Suppresses or disrupts male characteristics.

62
Q

Intromission

A

Insertion of the penis into the vagina.

63
Q

Ejaculation

A

Ejection of sperm.

64
Q

Proceptive behaviors

A

Behaviors that solicits the sexual advances of members of the other sex.

65
Q

Sexual dimorphisms

A

Instances where a behavior (or a structure) comes in two distinctive classes (male or female) into which most individuals can be unambiguously assigned.

66
Q

Androgenic insensitivity syndrome

A

The developmental disorder of genetic males in which a mutation to the androgen receptor gene renders the androgen receptors defective and causes the development of a female body.

67
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome

A

A sexual developmental disorder in which high levels of adrenal androgens, resulting from congenital adrenal hyperplasia, masculinize the bodies of genetic females.

68
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

A congenital deficiency in the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex, which leads to the excessive release of adrenal androgens.

69
Q

Ablatio penis

A

Accidental deconstruction of the penis.

70
Q

Replacement injections

A

Injections of a hormone whose natural release has been curtailed by the removal of the gland that normally releases it.

71
Q

Impotent

A

Unable to achieve penile erection.

72
Q

Estrus

A

The portion of the estrous cycle characterized by proceptivity, sexual receptivity, and fertility.

73
Q

Estrous cycle

A

The cycle of sexual receptivity displayed by many female mammals.

74
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

Steroid drugs theater similar to testosterone and have a powerful anabolic (growth-promotic) effects.

75
Q

Medical preoptic area

A

The area of the hypothalamus that includes the sexually dimorphic nuclei and that plays a key role in the control of male sexual behavior.

76
Q

Sexually dimorphic nucleus

A

The nucleus in the medial pre optic area of rats that is larger in males than in females.

77
Q

Ventromedial nucleus

A

A hypothalamic nucleus that is thought to be involved in female sexual behavior.

78
Q

Heterosexual

A

Sexually attracted to members of the other sex.

79
Q

Homosexual

A

Sexually attracted to the member of the same sex.

80
Q

Bisexual

A

Sexually attracted to the members of both sexes.

81
Q

Sexual identity

A

The sex (male or female) that a person feels himself or herself to be.

82
Q

Fraternal birth order effect

A

The finding that the probability of a man’s being homosexual increases as a function of the number of older brothers he has.

83
Q

Maternal immune hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that mothers become progressively more immune to some masculinizing hormones in their male fetuses; proposed to explain the fraternal birth order effect.

84
Q

Transsexualism

A

A disorder of sexual identity in which the individual believes that he or she is trapped in a body of the other sex.

BioPsych (12 decks)

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