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BioPsych > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

how experience changes the brain

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2
Q

Memory

A

deals with how these changes are stored and subsequently reactivated

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3
Q

bilateral medial temporal lobectomy

A

the removal of the medial portions of both temporal lobes including most of the hippocammpus,amygdala, and adjacent cortex

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4
Q

Lobectomy

A

an operation in which a lobe, or a major part of one, is removed from the brain

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5
Q

lobotomy

A

an operation in which lobe, or a major part of one, is separated from the rest of the brain by a large cut but is not removed

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6
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

backward-acting… those on the latter tests lead to a diagnosis

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7
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

forward acting…. difficulty in storing short-term memory and long-term memory

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8
Q

Short-term memory

A

Storage of new information for brief periods of time while a person attends to it

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9
Q

Long-term memory

A

storage of new information once the person stops attending to it

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10
Q

Digit span

A

the classic test of short-term memory, six digits

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11
Q

Digit Span + 1 Test

A

Formal Assessment; a classic test of verbal long-term memory

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12
Q

Global amnesia

A

amnesia for information presented in all sensory modalities

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13
Q

Mirror-drawing test

A

the participants can not look at his arm and must look at a mirror and trace the object… the person is suppose to improve after every try

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14
Q

Incomplete-Pictures Test

A

a nonsensorimotor test of memory that employs five sets of fragmented drawings - each set contains drawing of the same object

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15
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning

A

Being condition to a stimulus by repetitive traininh

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16
Q

Remote Memory

A

memory for experiences in the distant past -

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17
Q

Memory consolidation

A

the translation of short-term memories into long-term memories

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18
Q

explicit memories (Declarative memories)

A

conscious long-term memories

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19
Q

Implicit Memories

A

long-term memories demonstrated by improved test performance without conscious awareness

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20
Q

Medial temporal amnesia

A

neuropsychological patients with a profile of mnemonic deficits, but with preserved intellectual functioning, and with evidence of medial temporal lobe damage

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21
Q

Repetition priming test

A

test that asses implicit memory

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22
Q

Semantic memories

A

explicit memories for general facts or information

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23
Q

Episodic memories

A

explicit memories for the particular events (i.e., episodes) of one’s life

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24
Q

Global cerebral Ischemia

A

experienced an interruption of blood supply to their entire brain

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25
Q

Transient global amnesia

A

sudden onset severe anterograde amnesia and moderate retrograde amnesia for explicit episodic memories that is transient–typically lasting only between 4 to 6 hours

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26
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

is a disorder of memory common in people who have consumed large amounts of alcohol; the disorder is largely attributed to the brain damage associated with thiamine deficiency

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27
Q

medial diencephalon

A

medial thalamus and the medial hypothalamus

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28
Q

mediodorsal nuclei

A

A pair of medial diencephalic nuclei in the thalamus, damage to which is thought to be responsible for many of the memory deficits associated with Korsakoff’s syndrome

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29
Q

medial diencephalic amnesia

A

amnesia associated with damage to the medial diencephalon

30
Q

Alzheimer Disease

A

the major cause of dementia in old age, characterized by neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, and neuron loss

31
Q

Dementia

A

a group of thinking and social symptoms that interfere with daily functioning

32
Q

basal forebrain

A

midline area located just above the hypothalamus

33
Q

posttraumatic amnesia PTA

A

Amnesia following a nonpenetrating blow to the head

34
Q

concussion

A

temporary disturbance of consciousness produced by a nonpenetrating head injury

35
Q

coma

A

pathological state of unconsciousness

36
Q

Hebb’s Theory

A

classical theory memory reconsolidation – argued that memories of experiences are stored in the short term by neural activity reverberating in closed circuits

37
Q

reverberating

A

circulating

38
Q

electroconvulsive shock (ECS)

A

intense, brief, diffuse, seizure-inducing current that is administered to the brain through large electrodes attached to the scalp

39
Q

Standard Consolidation Theory

A

memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus until they can be transferred to a more stable cortical storage system

40
Q

reconsolidation

A

each time memory is retrieved from long-term storage, it is temporarily held in labile (changeable or unstable)

41
Q

engram

A

change in the brain that stores a memory

42
Q

anisomycin

A

protein-synthesis inhibitor

43
Q

delayed nonmatching-to-sample test

A

A test in which the subject is presented with an unfamiliar sample object and then, after a delay, is presented with a choice between the sample object and a unfamiliar object, where the correct choice is the unfamiliar object

44
Q

medial temporal cortex

A

Cortex in the medial temporal lobe that lies adjacent to the hippocampus and amygdala

45
Q

aspiration

A

suction of large portions of the rhinal cortex in addition to the hippocampus… A lesion technique in which tissue is drawn off by suction through the fine tip of a glass pipette.

46
Q

Mumby box

A

An apparatus that is used in a rat version of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test

47
Q

Morris water maze test

A

intact rats are placed at various locations in a circular pool of murky water rapidly learn to swim to a stationary platform hidden just below the surface

48
Q

radial arm maze test

A

several arms radiate out from a central starting chamber, and the same few arms are baited with food each day

49
Q

reference memory

A

memory for the general principle and skills that are required to perform a task

50
Q

working memory

A

memory for the general principle and skills that are required to perform a task

51
Q

place cells

A

neurons that develop place fields– that is, that respond only when the subject is in a particular place in a familiar test environment

52
Q

entorhinal cortex

A

an area of the medial temporal cortex that is a major source of neural signals to the hippocampus

53
Q

Grid cells

A

are entorhinal neurons that each have an extensive array of evenly spaced place fields, producing a pattern reminiscent of graph paper

54
Q

Jennifer Aniston neurons

A

other medial temporal lobes neuron that respond to other individuals known to the patients or to known objects

55
Q

concept cells

A

Aniston Neuron repond to ideasor concepts rather than to particular

56
Q

inferetemporal cortex

A

cortex on the inferior temporal cortex, which has complex visual functions

57
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

the area of frontal cortex anterior to motor cortex

58
Q

cerebellum

A

thought to participate in the storage of memories of learned sensorimotor skills through its various neuroplastic mechanism

59
Q

striatum

A

thought to store memories for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses–the type of memories that develop incrementally over many trials

60
Q

habit formation

A

what is refer to striatum-based form of learning

61
Q

Long-term potential

A

Bliss and Lomo show that there is a facilitation of synaptic transmission following high-frequency electrical stimulation applied to presynaptic neurons

62
Q

Hebb’s postulate for learning

A

the co-occurrence of firing in presynaptic and postsynaptic cells is now recognized as the critical factor in LTP - assumption that co-occcurence is a physiological necessity for learning and memory

63
Q

induction, maintenance and expression

A

processes by which high frequency stimulation induce LTP(learning), the changes responsible for storing LTP(memory) and the changes that allow it to be expressed during the test (recall)

64
Q

NMDA receptor

A

is a receptor for glutamate

65
Q

Glutamate

A

the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain

66
Q

dendritic spine

A

Tiny nodules of various shapes that are located on the surface of many dendrites and are the sites of most excitatory synapses in the mature mammalian brain

67
Q

transcription factors

A

intracellular proteins that bind to DNA and influence the operation of particular genes

68
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

A soluble-gas neurotransmitter

69
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

not remembering anything of the events of our infancy

70
Q

Nootropics or Smart drugs

A

substances that are though to improve memory

BioPsych (12 decks)

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