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BioPsych > Chapter17 > Flashcards

Chapter17 Flashcards

1
Q

Principle of antithesis

A

opposite messages often signaled by opposite movements and postures. Aggression and fear

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2
Q

james-lange theory

A

First physiological theory of emotion. Emotion-inducing sensory stimuli are received and interpreted by the cortex, which triggers changes in the visceral organs via the autonomic nervous system and the skeletal muscles via the somatic nervous system.
Ex. Perception of bear creating physiological reactions leading to feeling of fear.

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3
Q

Cannon-bard theory

A

emotional stimuli have two independent excitatory effects: they excite both the feelings of emotion and the expression of an emotion in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
ex. perception of the bear leads to both the feeling of fear and physiological reactions.

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4
Q

decorticate

A

cortex has been removed

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5
Q

Sham rage

A

exaggerated, poorly directed aggressive responses because of decorticate

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6
Q

limbic system

A

a collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts that borders the thalamus and is widely assumed to play a role in emotion

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7
Q

syndrome

A

a pattern of behavior

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8
Q

kluver-bucy syndrome

A

the consumption of almost anything that is edible, increased sexual activity often directed at inappropriate objects, a tendency to repeatedly investigate familiar objects with the mouth, and a lack of fear (anterior temporal lobes removed)

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9
Q

amygdala

A

a structure that plays a major role in research on emotion

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10
Q

polygraph

A

method of interrogation that employs autonomic nervous system indexes of emotion to infer the truthfulness of a person’s responses

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11
Q

control-question technique

A

physiological responses to the target question is compared to the physiological responses to control questions whose answers are known

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12
Q

guilty-knowledge technique

A

a lie-detection method in which the polygraphed records autonomic nervous system responses to a list of control and crime-related information known only to the guilty person and the examiner

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13
Q

primary facial expressions

A

surprise, anger, sadness, disgust, fear, and happiness

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14
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

facial expressions influence our emotional experience

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15
Q

microexpressions

A

brief facial expressions

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16
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

facial muscle encircling the eye and pulls the skin from the check and forehead toward the eyeball. contracted during genuine smiles

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17
Q

zygomaticus major

A

facial muscle which pulls the lip corners up …. can be done voluntary

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18
Q

fear

A

emotional reaction to threat. motivation force of defensive behaviors

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19
Q

defensive behaviors

A

behaviors whose primary function is to protect the organism from threat or harm

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20
Q

aggressive behaviors

A

behaviors whose primary function is to threaten or harm

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21
Q

alpha male

A

dominant male

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22
Q

topography

A

form— researchers assumption of rat aggressive and defensive behaviors

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23
Q

target-site concept

A

the idea that aggressive and defensive behaviors of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own

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24
Q

fear conditioning

A

establishment of fear in response to a previously neutral stimulus by presenting it several times before delivery of an aversive stimulus

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25
Q

contextual fear conditioning

A

process by which contexts come to elicit fear through their association with fear inducing stimuli

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26
Q

hippocampus

A

plays a role in memory for spatial location

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27
Q

lateral nucleus of the amygdala

A

involved in the acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear

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28
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

acts on the lateral nucleus of the amygdala to suppress conditioned fear

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29
Q

central nucleus of the amygdala

A

control defensive behaviors

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30
Q

mirror-like system

A

basis for human empathy

31
Q

urbach-weithe disease

A

genetic disorder that often results in calcification of the amygdala and surrounding anterior medial temporal lobe structures in both hemispheres

32
Q

calcification

A

hardening by conversion to calcium carbonate, the main component of bone

33
Q

suppression paradigms

A

directed to inhibit emotional reactions to unpleasant films or pictures

34
Q

reappraisal paradigms

A

instructed to reinterpret a picture to change their emotional reaction to it

35
Q

right-hemisphere model

A

right hemisphere is specialized for all aspects of emotional processing, perception, expression, and experience of emotion

36
Q

valence model

A

right-hemisphere is specialized for processing negative emotion and the left hemisphere is specialized for processing positive emotion

37
Q

stress

A

a cluster of physiological changes when exposed to harm or threat

38
Q

stressors

A

experiences that induce the stress response

39
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

hormone released from the anterior pituitary during stressors

40
Q

glucocorticoids

A

release triggered by ACTH and produce many components of the stress response

41
Q

adrenal cortex

A

where glucocorticoids are released in times of stress

42
Q

adrenal medulla

A

released increased amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine as a stress response

43
Q

cytokines

A

a group of peptide hormones that are released by many cells and participate in a variety of physiological and immunological responses

44
Q

conspecifics

A

members of the same species

45
Q

subordination stress

A

when conspecific threat becomes an enduring life feature daily life

46
Q

bullying

A

chronic social that that induces subordination stress in the members of many species

47
Q

psychosomatic disorders

A

medical disordes in which psychological factors play a casual role

48
Q

gastric ulcers

A

painful lesions to the lining of the stomach and duodenum. can be life-thretening in extreme cases

49
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of interactions among psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system

50
Q

immune system

A

system that protects the body against infectious micro-organisms. innate immune system and adaptive immune system.

51
Q

innate immune system

A

first component of the immune system to react

52
Q

pathogens

A

disease-causeing agents

53
Q

toll-like receptors

A

receptors found the the cell membrane of many cells of the innate immune system; trigger phagocytosis and inflammatory responses

54
Q

inflammation

A

swelling

55
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

56
Q

phagocytes

A

cells that engulf and destroy pathogens

57
Q

phagocytosis

A

destruction of pathogens by phagocytes

58
Q

adaptive immune system

A

the division of the immune system that mounts targeted attacks on foreign pathogens by binding to antigens in their cell body

59
Q

lymphocytes

A

specialized leukocytes produced in bon marrow and the thalamus gland and are stored in the lymphatic system until they are activated

60
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

the immune reaction by which T cells destroy invading micro-organisms

61
Q

T cells

A

T lymphocytes that bind to foreign micro-organisms and cells that contain them and, in doing so, destroy them

62
Q

antibody-mediated immunity

A

the immune reaction by which B cells destroy invading micro-organisms

63
Q

B cells

A

B lymphocytes that manufacture antibodies against antigens they encounter

64
Q

antibodies

A

lethal receptor molecules. they bind to foreign antigens and destroy or deactivate the micro organisms that possess them

65
Q

prophylactic

A

preventive

66
Q

vaccination

A

administering a weakened form of a virus so that if the virus later invades, the adaptive immune system is prepared to act against it

67
Q

immunization

A

creating immunity through vaccination

68
Q

spandrel

A

a nonadaptive by-product of an adaptive evolutionary change

69
Q

distress

A

stress that disrupts health or other aspects of functioning

70
Q

eustress

A

stress that improves health or other aspects of functioning

71
Q

epigenetic

A

“not of the genes” non genetic means by which traits are passed from parents to offspring

72
Q

corticosterone

A

a major glucocorticoid

73
Q

adrenalectomy

A

surgical removal of the adrenal gland

BioPsych (12 decks)

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