Chapter17 Flashcards
Principle of antithesis
opposite messages often signaled by opposite movements and postures. Aggression and fear
james-lange theory
First physiological theory of emotion. Emotion-inducing sensory stimuli are received and interpreted by the cortex, which triggers changes in the visceral organs via the autonomic nervous system and the skeletal muscles via the somatic nervous system.
Ex. Perception of bear creating physiological reactions leading to feeling of fear.
Cannon-bard theory
emotional stimuli have two independent excitatory effects: they excite both the feelings of emotion and the expression of an emotion in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
ex. perception of the bear leads to both the feeling of fear and physiological reactions.
decorticate
cortex has been removed
Sham rage
exaggerated, poorly directed aggressive responses because of decorticate
limbic system
a collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts that borders the thalamus and is widely assumed to play a role in emotion
syndrome
a pattern of behavior
kluver-bucy syndrome
the consumption of almost anything that is edible, increased sexual activity often directed at inappropriate objects, a tendency to repeatedly investigate familiar objects with the mouth, and a lack of fear (anterior temporal lobes removed)
amygdala
a structure that plays a major role in research on emotion
polygraph
method of interrogation that employs autonomic nervous system indexes of emotion to infer the truthfulness of a person’s responses
control-question technique
physiological responses to the target question is compared to the physiological responses to control questions whose answers are known
guilty-knowledge technique
a lie-detection method in which the polygraphed records autonomic nervous system responses to a list of control and crime-related information known only to the guilty person and the examiner
primary facial expressions
surprise, anger, sadness, disgust, fear, and happiness
facial feedback hypothesis
facial expressions influence our emotional experience
microexpressions
brief facial expressions
orbicularis oculi
facial muscle encircling the eye and pulls the skin from the check and forehead toward the eyeball. contracted during genuine smiles
zygomaticus major
facial muscle which pulls the lip corners up …. can be done voluntary
fear
emotional reaction to threat. motivation force of defensive behaviors
defensive behaviors
behaviors whose primary function is to protect the organism from threat or harm
aggressive behaviors
behaviors whose primary function is to threaten or harm
alpha male
dominant male
topography
form— researchers assumption of rat aggressive and defensive behaviors
target-site concept
the idea that aggressive and defensive behaviors of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own
fear conditioning
establishment of fear in response to a previously neutral stimulus by presenting it several times before delivery of an aversive stimulus
contextual fear conditioning
process by which contexts come to elicit fear through their association with fear inducing stimuli
hippocampus
plays a role in memory for spatial location
lateral nucleus of the amygdala
involved in the acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear
prefrontal cortex
acts on the lateral nucleus of the amygdala to suppress conditioned fear
central nucleus of the amygdala
control defensive behaviors
mirror-like system
basis for human empathy
urbach-weithe disease
genetic disorder that often results in calcification of the amygdala and surrounding anterior medial temporal lobe structures in both hemispheres
calcification
hardening by conversion to calcium carbonate, the main component of bone
suppression paradigms
directed to inhibit emotional reactions to unpleasant films or pictures
reappraisal paradigms
instructed to reinterpret a picture to change their emotional reaction to it
right-hemisphere model
right hemisphere is specialized for all aspects of emotional processing, perception, expression, and experience of emotion
valence model
right-hemisphere is specialized for processing negative emotion and the left hemisphere is specialized for processing positive emotion
stress
a cluster of physiological changes when exposed to harm or threat
stressors
experiences that induce the stress response
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
hormone released from the anterior pituitary during stressors
glucocorticoids
release triggered by ACTH and produce many components of the stress response
adrenal cortex
where glucocorticoids are released in times of stress
adrenal medulla
released increased amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine as a stress response
cytokines
a group of peptide hormones that are released by many cells and participate in a variety of physiological and immunological responses
conspecifics
members of the same species
subordination stress
when conspecific threat becomes an enduring life feature daily life
bullying
chronic social that that induces subordination stress in the members of many species
psychosomatic disorders
medical disordes in which psychological factors play a casual role
gastric ulcers
painful lesions to the lining of the stomach and duodenum. can be life-thretening in extreme cases
psychoneuroimmunology
the study of interactions among psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system
immune system
system that protects the body against infectious micro-organisms. innate immune system and adaptive immune system.
innate immune system
first component of the immune system to react
pathogens
disease-causeing agents
toll-like receptors
receptors found the the cell membrane of many cells of the innate immune system; trigger phagocytosis and inflammatory responses
inflammation
swelling
leukocytes
white blood cells
phagocytes
cells that engulf and destroy pathogens
phagocytosis
destruction of pathogens by phagocytes
adaptive immune system
the division of the immune system that mounts targeted attacks on foreign pathogens by binding to antigens in their cell body
lymphocytes
specialized leukocytes produced in bon marrow and the thalamus gland and are stored in the lymphatic system until they are activated
cell-mediated immunity
the immune reaction by which T cells destroy invading micro-organisms
T cells
T lymphocytes that bind to foreign micro-organisms and cells that contain them and, in doing so, destroy them
antibody-mediated immunity
the immune reaction by which B cells destroy invading micro-organisms
B cells
B lymphocytes that manufacture antibodies against antigens they encounter
antibodies
lethal receptor molecules. they bind to foreign antigens and destroy or deactivate the micro organisms that possess them
prophylactic
preventive
vaccination
administering a weakened form of a virus so that if the virus later invades, the adaptive immune system is prepared to act against it
immunization
creating immunity through vaccination
spandrel
a nonadaptive by-product of an adaptive evolutionary change
distress
stress that disrupts health or other aspects of functioning
eustress
stress that improves health or other aspects of functioning
epigenetic
“not of the genes” non genetic means by which traits are passed from parents to offspring
corticosterone
a major glucocorticoid
adrenalectomy
surgical removal of the adrenal gland
