Chapter 15

Question 1

Pharmacological

Answer 1

Pertaining to the scientific study of drugs.

Question 2

Psychoactive drugs

Answer 2

Drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system.

Question 3

Drug metabolism

Answer 3

The conversion of a drug from its active form to a nonactive form.

Question 4

Drug tolerance

Answer 4

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug effect that develops as the result of exposure to the drug.

Question 5

Cross tolerance

Answer 5

Tolerance the the effects of one drug that develops as a result of exposure to another drug that acts by the same mechanism.

Question 6

Drug sensitization

Answer 6

An increase in the sensitivity to a drug effect that develops as a result of exposure to the drug.

Question 7

Metabolic tolerance

Answer 7

Tolerance that results form the reduction in the amount of a drug getting to its sites of action.

Question 8

Functional tolerance

Answer 8

Tolerance resulting from a reduction in the reactivity of the nervous system (or other cites of action) to a drug.

Question 9

Withdrawal syndrome

Answer 9

The illness brought on by the elimination from the body of a drug on which the person is physically dependent on.

Question 10

Physically dependent

Answer 10

Being in a state in which discontinuation of drug taking with induce withdrawal reactions.

Question 11

Drug addicts

Answer 11

Those habitual drug users who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite their repeated efforts to stop using it.

Question 12

Contingent drug tolerance

Answer 12

Drug tolerance that develops as a reaction to the experience of the effects of drugs rather than to drug exposure alone.

Question 13

Before-and-after design

Answer 13

The experimental design used to demonstrate contingent drug tolerance; the experimental group receives the drug before each of a series of behavioral tests and the control group receives the drug after each test.

Question 14

Conditioned compensatory responses

Answer 14

Physiological responses opposite to the effects of a drug that are thought to be elicited by stimuli that are regularly associated with experiencing the drug effects.

Question 15

Exteroceptive stimuli

Answer 15

Stimuli that arise from outside the body.

Question 16

Interoceptive stimuli

Answer 16

Stimuli that arise from inside the body.

Question 17

Nicotine

Answer 17

The major psychoactive ingredient in tobacco.

Question 18

Drug craving

Answer 18

An affective state in which there is a strong desire for the drug.

Question 19

Smoker’s syndrome

Answer 19

The chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and heightened susceptibility to infections of the respiratory tract commonly observed in tobacco smokers.

Question 20

Buerger’s disease

Answer 20

A condition in which the blood vessels, especially those suppling the legs, are constricted whenever nicotine enter the bloodstream, the ultimate result being gangrene and amputation

Question 21

Teratogen

Answer 21

A drug or other chemical that causes birth defects.

Question 22

Depressant

Answer 22

A drug that depresses neural activity.

Question 23

Delirium tremens (DTs)

Answer 23

The phase of alcohol withdrawal syndrome characterized by hallucinations, delusions, agitation, confusion, hyperthermia, and tachycardia.

Question 24

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 24

A neurophysiological disorder that is common in alcoholics and whose primary symptom is severe memory loss.

Question 25

Cirrhosis

Answer 25

Scarring, typically of the liver.

Question 26

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Answer 26

A syndrome produced by prenatal exposure to alcohol and characterized by brain damage, mental retardation, poor coordination, poor muscle tone, low birth rate, retarded growth, and/or physical deformity.

Question 27

Cannabis sativa

Answer 27

The common hemp plant, which is the source of marijuana.

Question 28

THC

Answer 28

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive constituent of marijuana.

Question 29

Hashish

Answer 29

Dark corklike material extracted from the resin on the leaves and flowers of Cannabis sativa.

Question 30

Narcotic

Answer 30

A legal category of drugs, mostly opiates.

Question 31

Anandamide

Answer 31

The first endogenous endocannabinoid to be discovered and characterized.

Question 32

Stimulants

Answer 32

Drugs that produce general increases in neural and behavioral activity.

Question 33

Cocaine

Answer 33

A potent catecholamine agonist and stimulant that is highly addictive.

Question 34

Crack

Answer 34

A potent, cheap, smokable form of cocaine.

Question 35

Cocaine sprees

Answer 35

Binges of cocaine use.

Question 36

Cocaine psychosis

Answer 36

Psychotic behavior observed during a cocaine spree, similar in many respects to paranoid schizophrenia.

Question 37

Amphetamine

Answer 37

A stimulant drug whose effects are similar to those of cocaine.

Question 38

Empathogens

Answer 38

Psychoactive drugs that produce feelings of empathy.

Question 39

Dopamine transporters

Answer 39

Molecules in the presynaptic membrane of dopaminergic neurons that attract dopamine molecules in the synaptic cleft and deposit them back inside the neuron.

Question 40

Opium

Answer 40

The sap that exudes from the seed pods of the opium poppy.

Question 41

Morphine

Answer 41

The major psychoactive ingredient of opium.

Question 42

Codeine

Answer 42

A relatively weak psychoactive ingredient of opium.

Question 43

Opiates

Answer 43

Morphine, codeine, heroin, and other chemicals with similar structures of effects.

Question 44

Analgesics

Answer 44

Drugs that reduce pain.

Question 45

Harrison Narcotics Act

Answer 45

The act, passed in 1914, that made it illegal to sell or use opium, morphine, or cocaine in the United States.

Question 46

Heroin

Answer 46

A powerful semisynthetic opiate.