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BioPsych > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

exteroceptive sensory systems

A

the auditory (hearing), somatosensory (touch), olfactory (smell) and gustatory (taste) systems

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2
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

area of the sensory cortex that receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay nuclei of that system

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3
Q

secondary sensory cortex

A

compromises the areas of the sensory cortex that receives most of their input from the primary sensory cortex of that system or from the other areas of the secondary cortex of the same system

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4
Q

Association cortex

A

any area of cortex that receives input from more than one sensory system

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5
Q

hierarchical organization

A

hierarchy is a system whose members can be assigned to specific levels or ranks in relation to one another

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6
Q

sensation

A

the process of detecting the presence of stimuli

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7
Q

perception

A

higher-order process of integrating, recognizing, and interpreting complete patterns of sensations

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8
Q

functional segregation

A

characterizes the organization of sensory system … each of the three levels of cerebral cortex in each sensory system contains functionally distinct areas that specializes in different kinds of analysis

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9
Q

functionally homogeneous

A

assumed that all areas of cortex at any given level of a sensory hierarchy acted together to perform the same function — false assumption

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10
Q

serial system

A

information of the sensory hierarchy flows among the components over just one pathway, like a string through a strand of beads – false assumption

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11
Q

parallel system

A

information flows through the components over multiple pathways

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12
Q

parallel processing

A

uses the parallel system… known as an simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by the multiple parallel pathways of a neural network … correct system

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13
Q

binding problem

A

how does the brain combine individual sensory attributes to produce integrated perceptions

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14
Q

amplitude frequency and pure tones

A

exist only in laboratories and sound recording studios

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15
Q

fourier analysis

A

the mathematical procedure for breaking down complex waves into their component sine waves

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16
Q

fundamental frequency

A

highest frequency of which the various component frequencies of a sound are multiples

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17
Q

missing fundamental

A

not relating the pitch of a complex sound to the frequency of any one of the sound’s components

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18
Q

tympanic membrane

A

the eardrum vibrates when hit by sound waves

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19
Q

ossicles

A

the small bones of the middle ear: the malleus (hammer), incus (the anvil), and the stapes (stirrup)

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20
Q

oval window

A

the membrane that transfers vibrations from the ossicles to the fluid of the cochlea

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21
Q

cochlea

A

long, coiled tube in the inner ear that is filled with fluid and contains the organ of Corti and its auditory receptors

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22
Q

organ of Corti

A

the auditory receptor organ, comprising the basilar membrane, the hair cells, and the tectorial membrane

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23
Q

hair cells

A

auditory receptors

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24
Q

basilar membrane

A

the membrane of the organ of Corti in which the hair cell receptors are embedded

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25
Q

tectorial membrane

A

the cochlear membrane that rests on the hair cells

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26
Q

auditory nerve

A

branch of auditory-vestibular nerve that carries auditory signals from the hair cells in the basilar membrane

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27
Q

tonotopic

A

organized, like the primary auditory cortex, according to the frequency of sound

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28
Q

semicircular canals

A

receptive organs of the vestibular system

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29
Q

vestibular system

A

the sensory system that detects changes in the direction and intensity of head movements and that contributes to the maintenance of balance through its outputs to the motor system

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30
Q

superior olives

A

medullary nuclei that play a role in sound localization

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31
Q

inferior colliculi

A

the structures of the tectum that receive auditory input from the superior olives

32
Q

medial geniculate nuclei

A

the auditory thalamic nuclei that receive input from the inferior colliculi and project to primary auditory cortex

33
Q

anterior auditory pathway

A

involved in identifying sounds “what”

34
Q

posterior auditory pathway

A

involved in locating sounds “where”

35
Q

conductive deafness

A

hearing impairment associated with damage to the ossicles

36
Q

nerve deafness

A

hearing impairment associated with damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve

37
Q

tinnitus

A

ringing of the ears

38
Q

cochlear implants

A

bypass damage to the auditory hair cells by converting sounds picked up by a microphone on the patient’s ear to electrical signals, which are then carried to the cochlea by a bundle of electrodes

39
Q

somatosensations

A

sensations from body

40
Q

somatosensory system

A

three separate but interacting systems

41
Q

exteroceptive system

A

senses external stimuli that are applied to the skin

42
Q

proprioceptive system

A

monitors information about the position of the body that comes from receptors in the muscles, joints, and organs of balance

43
Q

interoceptive system

A

provides general information about conditions within the body (e.g. temperature and blood pressure)

44
Q

exteroceptive system

A

comprises three division: perceiving mechanical stimuli (touch), one for thermal stimuli ( temperature) and one for nociceptive stimuli (pain)

45
Q

free nerve endings

A

neurons endings with no specialized structures on them… are particularly sensitive to temperature change and pain

46
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

largest and deepest cutaneous receptors…adapt rapidly, respond to sudden displacement of the skin but not to constant pressure

47
Q

Merkel’s disk and Ruffini endings

A

adapt slowly and respond to gradual skin indentation and skin stretch

48
Q

stereognosis

A

identification of objects by touch

49
Q

dermatome

A

area of the body that is innervated by the left and right dorsal roots of a given segment of the spinal cord

50
Q

dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system

A

tends to carry information about touch and proprioception

51
Q

anterolateral system

A

tends to carry information about pain and temperature

52
Q

somatotopic

A

organized according to a map of the body surface

53
Q

somatosensory homunculus

A

the somatotopic map

54
Q

astereognosia

A

inability to recognize objects by touch

55
Q

asomatognosia

A

failure to recognize parts of one’s own body

56
Q

anosognosia

A

failure of neuropsychological patients to recognize their own symptoms

57
Q

contralateral neglect

A

the tendency not to respond to stimuli that are contralateral to a right-hemisphere injury

58
Q

rubber hand illusion

A

the feelign that an extraneous object, in this case a rubber hand, is actually part of one’s own body

59
Q

hemispherectomized

A

patients with one cerebral hemisphere removed

60
Q

raphe nuclei

A

cluster of serotonergic nuclei in the core of the medulla

61
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus

62
Q

pheromones

A

chemicals that influence the physiology and behavior of conspecifics (members of the same species)

63
Q

olfactory mucosa

A

upper part of the nose which holds the olfactory receptors cells, embedded in a layer of mucus-covered tissue

64
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

where the synapse on neurons that project via the olfactory tracts to the brain

65
Q

olfactory glomeruli

A

axons of olfactory receptors terminate in the discrete clusters of neurons near the surface of the olfactory bulbs

66
Q

chemotopic

A

organized, like the olfactory bulb, according to a map of various odors

67
Q

taste buds

A

taste receptors cells found on the tongue and in parts of the oral cavity

68
Q

solitary nucleus

A

the medullary relay nucleus of the gustatory system

69
Q

anosmia

A

inability to smell

70
Q

ageusia

A

inability to taste

71
Q

selective attention

A

consciously perceive only a small subset of the many stimuli that excite our sensory organs at any one time and largely ignore the rest

72
Q

endogenous attention

A

Attention focused on internal cognitive processes

73
Q

exogenous attention

A

Attention focused on external events

74
Q

cocktail-party phenomenon

A

the fact when we are in total focus in one conversation and totally unaware of the content around us the mentioning of our name in the external environment would obtain our attention

75
Q

change blindness

A

subject is shown a photographic image on a computer screen and is asked to report any change in the image as soon as it is noticed

76
Q

simultanagnosia

A

difficulty in attending visually to more than one object at a time

BioPsych (12 decks)

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