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Biology Subject Test (SAT II) > Chapter Two: The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter Two: The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

State the 3 principles of the Modern Cell Theory and their fathers

A

1) cells are the basic unit of life
2) all living things are composed of cells
Schleiden and schwan
3) all cells arise from preexisting cells
Rudolf virchow

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2
Q

Who coined the term cell

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q 
Describe the presence of the following between prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
Membrane bound organlles
Chromosome shape and number 
Plasmids
Ribosome size
Type of respiration 
Cytoskeleton 
Uni/multi cellular
Overall size
Tough external cell wall
A

Yes in pro, no in eu
Single circular loop in pro, multiple linear strands
Yes in pro, no in eu
Small in pro, larger in eu
Both aero and anaero in pro, mostly aero in eu
No cytoskeleton in pro, yes in eu
Most are uni in pro, most multi in eu
Very small pro, larger eu
Yes in pro, only cell membrane in eu mostly

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4
Q

Lay out the Theory of Endosymbiosis

A

Eukaryotic cell evolved from free prokaryotes which resided in larger prokaryotes. Compartmentalized cells hence are efficient and perhaps more likely to survive

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5
Q

State the composition of the nucleus in detail

A

DNA wrapped with proteins-histones to make units called nucleosomes. These further coil and supercoil into a chromatin fibre network

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6
Q

What are genes?

A

They are bits of DNA on chromosomes that code for Polypeptides

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7
Q

What makes the double phospholipid envelope permeable?

A

Nuclear pores

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8
Q

What are nucleoli?

A

Prominent regions of undividing cells which are tangles of chromatin and unfinished bits of ribosomes

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9
Q

What is synthesized in tge nucleolus?

A

Components of ribosomes

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10
Q

What are Ribosomes made of?

A

Ribosomal RNA and protein

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11
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis/translation

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12
Q

What is the ER?

A

System of membrane channels that traverse the cytoplasm

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13
Q

What makes rough ER rough?

A

Ribosomes

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14
Q

State 4 functions of smooth ER

A

Synthesize steroid hormones and other lipids
Connect rough ER to Golgi
Detoxifies cell
Carbohydrate (glycogen) metabolism

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15
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

Tiny vacuole which carries and release substances

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16
Q

What is a Golgi Apparatus consisted of and what does it do?

A

Flattened sacs of membranes stacked next to each other like pancakes. Modify, store, and package proteins from ER

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17
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

A sad of hydrolytic enzymes enclosed by a single membrane

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18
Q

What is the principle site of intracellular digestion?

A

Lysosome

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19
Q

How does a lysosome help a cell?

A

Renewal by breakdown and recycling

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20
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

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21
Q

What goes on in a mitochondrion?

A

Cellular respiration

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22
Q

What makes up the outer membrane in mitochondria

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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23
Q

What are the folds on the inner membrane called?

A

Cistae

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24
Q

What are embedded in the cistae?

A

Enzymes such as ATP synsthase

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25
Q

Whats the space in cistae called

A

Matrix

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26
Q

What is the general function of vacuoles (especially in plant cells and adipose cells)

A

Storage

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27
Q

Protista have contractile vacuoles. What does this mean?

A

Pump excess water out of the cell

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28
Q

How are the membranes of plastids?

A

Double

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29
Q

What are plastids?

A

Organelles found in animals and algae for special metabolic activities

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30
Q

Name 2 organelles which have their own DNA and can replicate

A

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

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31
Q

State the structure of inner membranes of chloroplasts

A

Series of grana, which in stroma

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32
Q

What is the name, colour, and function of plastids in roots?

A

Colourless leucoplasts store starch

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33
Q

What do chromoplasts store? And how does it aid in pollination

A 
Cartenoid pigment (red-orange-yellow) 
Attracts insects
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34
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Complex network of protein filaments

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35
Q

State some functions of cytoskeletal elements

A

Cell shape
Movement
Organization (transport of materials)

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36
Q

What are microtubules made of

A

Tubulin

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37
Q

How do microtubules look

A

Thick hollow tubes

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38
Q

What are microfilaments made of

A

Actin

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39
Q

Discriminate the functions of microtubules and microfilaments and examples

A

MT - movement (such as cilia, spindles and flagella)

MF - shape (allow skeletal muscle to contract by sliding along myosin filaments)

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40
Q

What do centrioles and centrosomes do?

A

Organise spindle Fibers for cell division

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41
Q

What makes up a centrosome?

A

2 centrioles a lr right angles to each other

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42
Q

State the structure of a centriole

A

9 triplets of microtubules

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43
Q

What are cilia and flagella made of? State how the vary in length

A

9 pairs of microtubules organized around 2 singlet microtubules
Cilia short
Flagella long

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44
Q

What are fungi cell walls made of

A

Chitin

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45
Q

What are plants/algae cell walls made of?

A

Cellulose

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46
Q

What happens between plant cells walls as the cell divides?

A

A gluey layer forms and becomes the middle lamella which keeps the daughter cells connected

47
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Regions between nucleus and cell membrane

48
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm

49
Q

What is the process wherein organelles get carried around the cell in cytoplasm cycles?

A

Cyclosis

50
Q

What does it mean to say the plasma membrane is selectively permeable?

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

51
Q

What is fluid mosaic?

A

Made of many small particles that are able to move around in order to control contents

52
Q

Why are cholesterol molecules embedded within the cell membrane?

A

To make it stable/less fluid

53
Q

Why are there carbohydrate chains on the external surface of the plasma membrane?

A

For cell-to-cell recognition

54
Q

How much percent of an average cell membrane is protein?

A

60% approx

55
Q

What is the meaning of: selectively permeable

A

Substances that pass through change with the cell’s needs

56
Q

What is the meaning of: solvent

A

A substance that can dissolve others

57
Q

What is the meaning of: solute

A

A substance that dissolves

58
Q

What is the meaning of: hypertonic

A

Higher concentration of solute

59
Q

What is the meaning of: hypotonic

A

Lower concentration of solute

60
Q

What is the meaning of: isotonic

A

Two solutions containing equal concentrations of solute

61
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Movement of molecules down a concentration gradient, from a region of higher to lower concentration and never requires energy

62
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Movement of particles from a region of higher to lower concentration

63
Q

State an example of simple diffusion

A

Moist alveoli membrane to capillaries

64
Q

Relate gradient steepness to rate of simple diffusion

A

The steeper the gradient, the faster the rate

65
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

It os diffusion that relies on a special protein membrane channel to assist in transporting specific substances across a membrane

Eg calcium ion channels in neurons axon membrane

66
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water across a membrane, down a gradient, from low to high solute concentration

67
Q

Where does water always diffuse toward?

A

Hypertonic

68
Q

What does it mean when we say A is hypertonic to B?

A

A has more solute than B

69
Q

As water continues to leave a cell it shrinks. What’s the term for this?

A

Plasmolysis

70
Q

Why do animal cells burst and plant cells don’t on the entry of water?

A

Presence of a cell wall keeps the cell turgid and swollen

71
Q

What happens to a plant if it’s dehydrated and turgor pressure is lacked?

A

It wilts

72
Q

What happens when a solution and cell are isotonic?

A

Water diffuses in and out but with no net change in the cell

73
Q

What’s active transport?

A

Movement of molecules against a gradient, which requires energy, usually in the form of ATP.

74
Q

When is active transport especially important in organisms and their habitat?

A

When they live in a hypotonic environment.

Such as freshwater protista whose contractile vacuoles pump out excess water that diffuses inward because of the hypotonic surrounding

75
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The active release of molcules from a cell.

Eg : vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synapse in order to pass an impulse

76
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Process by which cells take in particles/molecules by forming new vesicles made from the plasma membrane

77
Q

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

78
Q

What is pinocytosis aka cell drinking?

A

Uptake of large, dissolved molecules. The plasma membrane invaginates around tiny particle and encloses them in a vesicle

79
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Engulfing of large particles or small organisms by pseudopods (pseudopodium). The cell membrane wraps around them and forms a vacuole

80
Q

Why is receptor-mediated endocytosis important to a cell?

And how does it work?

A

It enables a cell to take up large quantities of very specific substances.

Extracellular substances bind to specific receptors on the cell membrane and are drawn into the cell into vesicles

81
Q

Explain the sodium-potassium pump

A

Nerve cells actively transport particles/ions across a membrane against a gradient. A nerve cells carries Na+ and K+ across the axon membrane in opposite direction so to return the nerve to it’s resting state after an impuse has passed

82
Q

What is a characteristic of all cells

A

They carry out certain life processes

83
Q

State the 12 life process

A

1) ingestion-intake of nutrients
2) digestion-enzymatic breakdown, hydrolysis, of food so it is small enough to be assimilated
3) respiration-metabolic processes that produce energy for other processes
4) transport-distribution of molecules (within cells or to others)
5) regulation-ability to maintain internal environment aka homeostasis
6) synthesis-combining of small molecules into larger complex ones
7) excretion-removal of metabolic waste
8) egestion-removal of undigested waste
9) reproduction-ability to generate offspring
10) irritability-responding to stimuli
11) locomotion-moving from places (animals)
12) metabolism-sum total of all the life functions

84
Q

How many km in a m

Or kg in a g

A

0.001 or 1×10^-3

85
Q

How many micrometers/micrograms in a millimetre/milligram?

A

1000

86
Q

How many cm in an inch?

A

2.5

87
Q

How to distinct between exact and approximate values?

A

Exact: 26.0mm
Approx: 26mm (it could be 25.9 or 26.1!)

88
Q

What is the difference between accurate and precise?

A

Accurate: correct
Precise: exact

89
Q

Where should your eye level rest when measuring using a graduated cylinder?

A

The meniscus or bottom of the curve

90
Q

What is the best tool for studying cytology?

A

Compound microscope

91
Q

What is cytology

A

Cell structure

92
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of a good microscope?

A

Magnification

Resolution (image clarity)

93
Q

Who developed the first microscope?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

94
Q

How do you determine magnification?

A

Magnification of tge ocular lens (normally 10×)

× magnification of the objective lens

95
Q

How does the image from a microscope appear?

A

Upside down and backward

96
Q

The higher the magnification, the ______ the field because a ______ area is being viewed

A

The higher the magnification, the darker the field because a smaller area is being viewed

97
Q

What does a phase contrast microscope do

A

It’s a uses a beam of light to enhance contrast when examining living, unstained cells

98
Q

What is transmission electron microscope useful for?

A

Studying the interior of cells

99
Q

What is the source of electrons for TEM

A

Tungsten filament within a vacuum column

100
Q

What are the drawbacks (5) of studying specimens under (T)EM

A
  • tissue is dead after processing
  • specimen preparation is elaborate; tissue must be fixed, dehydrated, sectioned on a special machine-it takes many hours and expertise
  • TEM is a delicate machine and requires special engineers to maintain it
  • specimens must be sliced so thin to study a small portion of the sample at one time
  • machine can cost thousands of dollars
101
Q

What is the scanning electron microscope useful for studying?

A

Surface of cells

102
Q

How do images from SEM appear?

A

3D

103
Q

What is a drawback when using SEM?

A

Tissue can be examined only after killing it

104
Q

What does a ultracentrifuge enable scientists to do?

A

Isolate specific components of cells in large quantities by cell fractionation

105
Q

What is the first step of cell fractionation?

A

Tissue is mashed in a blender

106
Q

What is the resulting liquid of the blending called?

A

Homogenate

107
Q

What is homogenation?

A

Homogenate is spun at a high speed in an ultracentrifuge and separated into layers on differences in density

108
Q

State how nuclei, mitochondria and ribosomes settle after homogenation

A

Nuclei are forced to the bottom first, followed by mitochondria, and then Ribosomes with clear liquid above the organelles

109
Q

Outline the process of differential centrifugation

A

Tissue is lysed to remove cell membranes. The lysate is then subjected to repeatedcentrifugations, where particles that sediment sufficiently quickly at a given centrifugation force for a given time form a compact “pellet” at the bottom of the centrifugation tube. After each centrifugation, thesupernatant(non-pelleted solution) is removed from the tube and re-centrifuged at an increasedcentrifugal forceand/or time

110
Q

What is an ultracentrifuge

A

An ultracentrifuge consists of a refrigerated, low-pressure chamber containing a rotor which is driven by an electrical motor capable of high speed rotation.

111
Q

What is freeze fracture/freeze-etching

A

Complex technique used to study details of membrane structure under an EM.

After preparation, only a cast of the original tissue is available to examine

112
Q

What is tissue culture?

A
  • A technique to study the properties of specific cells in vitro (in lab)
  • Living cells are seeded onto a sterile culture medium to which a variety of nutrients and growth stimulating factors have been added.(Different cells require different growth media)
  • While cell lines are growing in culture they can be examined unstained under a phase-contrast light microscope
113
Q

Suggest 2 reasons why plant cells do not have lysosomes?

A
  • cell wall keeps out most large foreign molecules

- vacuole carries out most lysosomal functions

Biology Subject Test (SAT II) (10 decks)

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