Chapter Two: The Cell Flashcards
State the 3 principles of the Modern Cell Theory and their fathers
1) cells are the basic unit of life
2) all living things are composed of cells
Schleiden and schwan
3) all cells arise from preexisting cells
Rudolf virchow
Who coined the term cell
Robert Hooke
Describe the presence of the following between prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Membrane bound organlles Chromosome shape and number Plasmids Ribosome size Type of respiration Cytoskeleton Uni/multi cellular Overall size Tough external cell wall
Yes in pro, no in eu
Single circular loop in pro, multiple linear strands
Yes in pro, no in eu
Small in pro, larger in eu
Both aero and anaero in pro, mostly aero in eu
No cytoskeleton in pro, yes in eu
Most are uni in pro, most multi in eu
Very small pro, larger eu
Yes in pro, only cell membrane in eu mostly
Lay out the Theory of Endosymbiosis
Eukaryotic cell evolved from free prokaryotes which resided in larger prokaryotes. Compartmentalized cells hence are efficient and perhaps more likely to survive
State the composition of the nucleus in detail
DNA wrapped with proteins-histones to make units called nucleosomes. These further coil and supercoil into a chromatin fibre network
What are genes?
They are bits of DNA on chromosomes that code for Polypeptides
What makes the double phospholipid envelope permeable?
Nuclear pores
What are nucleoli?
Prominent regions of undividing cells which are tangles of chromatin and unfinished bits of ribosomes
What is synthesized in tge nucleolus?
Components of ribosomes
What are Ribosomes made of?
Ribosomal RNA and protein
What is the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis/translation
What is the ER?
System of membrane channels that traverse the cytoplasm
What makes rough ER rough?
Ribosomes
State 4 functions of smooth ER
Synthesize steroid hormones and other lipids
Connect rough ER to Golgi
Detoxifies cell
Carbohydrate (glycogen) metabolism
What is a vesicle?
Tiny vacuole which carries and release substances
What is a Golgi Apparatus consisted of and what does it do?
Flattened sacs of membranes stacked next to each other like pancakes. Modify, store, and package proteins from ER
What is a lysosome?
A sad of hydrolytic enzymes enclosed by a single membrane
What is the principle site of intracellular digestion?
Lysosome
How does a lysosome help a cell?
Renewal by breakdown and recycling
What is Apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
What goes on in a mitochondrion?
Cellular respiration
What makes up the outer membrane in mitochondria
Phospholipid bilayer
What are the folds on the inner membrane called?
Cistae
What are embedded in the cistae?
Enzymes such as ATP synsthase