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Biology Subject Test (SAT II) > Chapter Four: Cell Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter Four: Cell Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

It is a series of oxidative reactions by which cells gradually release energy from glucose and transfer it to ATP molecules

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2
Q

What is the equation for complete aerobic respiration of glucose?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2–> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy

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3
Q

Full form of ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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4
Q

What is ATP?

A

High energy molecule that stores energy for immediate use in the cell

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5
Q

What is the composition of ATP?

A

1 adenosine (nucleotide adenine + ribose)
+
3 phosphates

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6
Q

What does removal of a phosphate group from ATP do?

A

Forms a more stable, lower energy molecule ADP

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7
Q

What happens when ATP converts to ADP

A

Energy is released from cellular work

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8
Q

How can ADP be made to ATP?

A

Energy is absorbed from respiration to add a phosphate group

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9
Q

How many membranes enclose the mitochondrion?

A

Two- outer and inner

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10
Q

What is special about the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

It has folds calledl cristae

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11
Q

What are the exterior and interior of the inner membrane called?

A

Ex- outer compartment

In- matrix

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12
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

Matrix

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13
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

Cistae membrane

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14
Q

Cell respiration can have 2 phases. What are they?

A

Anaerobic and aerobic

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15
Q

If oxygen is absent, what follows glycolysis?

A

Alcohol or lactic acid fermentation

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16
Q

If oxygen is present, what follows glycolysis?

A

Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, and chemiosmosis

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17
Q

Another word of anaerobic respiration:

A

Fermentation

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18
Q

What processes does anaerobic respiration consist of?

A

Glycolysis

Either alcohol Or lactic acid fermentation

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19
Q

State the word equation for Glycolysis

A

Glycolysis

Glucose ————–> Pyruvic acid + small amount of ATP

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20
Q

Glycolysis is the anaerobic phase of aerobic respiration. What happens to one molecule of glucose during Glycolysis?

A

It breaks apart into two molecules of pyruvate. (Pyruvic acid is one half a glucose molecule)

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21
Q

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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22
Q

What supplies the energy of activation for glycolysis?

A

2 molecules of ATP

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23
Q

How many ATP molecules does Glycolysis release?

A

4, hence a net gain of 2 ATP

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24
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation for Glycolysis?

A

1 glucose + 2 ATP –> 2 Pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH (net gain 2 ATP)

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25
Q

What is alcohol fermentation?

A

Process by which certain cells convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen

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26
Q

When does lactic acid fermentation occur?

A

During strenuous exercise when the body uses a lot of oxygen as demanded by skeletal muscles

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27
Q

What is pyruvic acid converted to during lactic acid fermentation?

A

Lactic acid

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28
Q

What causes fatigue and burning during excercise?

A

Lactic acid build up

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29
Q

How is lactic acid removed from the muscles?

A

When an increase in blood flow restores oxygen levels, the muscle tissue reverts to the more efficient aerobic respiration and lactic acid is removed

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30
Q

What happens to lactic acid after being removed from muscles?

A

Carried to the liver where it’s converted back to pyruvic acid

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31
Q

What is the Krebs cycle also known as

A

Citric acid cycle

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32
Q

Explain in detail the process of the Krebs cycle

A
  • In the mitochondrial matrix, there is pyruvate oxidation, where pyruvic acid (from Glycolysis) combines with the coenzyme A (a vitamin A derivative) to form Acetyl-CoA (and by product CO2 as one carbon cleaves off) which enters the Krebs cycle. This oxidation reduces 1 NAD+ to 1 NADH
  • Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to give citric acid.
  • From there citric acid loses 2 carbons to become oxaloacetic acid again, released as 2 CO2
  • Each turn of the cycle produces 1 molecule of both ATP and FADH2 plus 3 molecules of NADH
  • The by-product CO2 is exhaled
33
Q

What are NADH and FADH2?

A

They are coenzymes which shuttle H+/protons from Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain

34
Q

What is the oxidised form, where NADH is the reduced form?

35
Q

What is the oxidised form, where FADH2 is the reduced form?

36
Q

Where is the ETC located?

A

Within the mitochondrial cistae membrane

37
Q

Briefly describe the ETC

A

Each ETC has a series of carrier proteins that transport high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle. The energy from these electrons is coupled with and powers the pumping of protons across the cistae membrane into the outer compartment to create a proton gradient. The potential energy in this gradient is used to produce ATP through chemiosmosis or oxidative phosohorylation

38
Q

What things carry high energy electrons from tge krebs cycle to the ETC?

A

NADH

FADH2

39
Q

How is energy released to pump H+

A

As electrons are pulled along the ETC they release energy
NADH is oxidised to release electrons. These flow through CoQ, cytochromes and gradually release energy as they go from high to low energy levels

40
Q

How is energy from ETC used to make a proton gradient?

A

It is used to pump protons across the cristae membrane

41
Q

What does this gradient represent?

A

Stored or potential energy that can be used to so work

42
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

It uses energy stored in the proton gradient to power ATP synthesis. As H+ flow in the turn ATP synthetase like a turbine

43
Q

What is the name and location of the special molecule chemiosmosis depends on?

A

ATP synthetase

Cistae membrane

44
Q

What is the function of ATP synthetase?

A

It is a proton channel structure whose irregular axel spins when H+ try to DIFFUSE back into the matrix down the gradient through it (H+ can only flow back through ATP synthetase, rather than carrier molecules). This spinning causes the housing to stretch and pull and ADP and phosphates in it collide and form ATP.

45
Q

During Glycolysis glucose (6 carbon) turns to 2 pyruvates. How many carbons in one pyruvate?

46
Q

What happens during pyruvate oxidation (predatory for Krebs)

A

It is oxidised and loses one carbon as CO2. NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
The 2 carbons are combined with coenzyme A giving Acetyl-CoA

47
Q

When Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid what is formed?

A

Citric acid (6 carbon)

48
Q

When citrate gets oxidised over stages to cleave of 2 carbons to form 2 CO2 and oxaloacetic acid again, what all are released?

A

3 NAD+ are oxidised to give NADH
1 FAD+ is oxidised to give FADH2
1 ADP form 1 ATP

49
Q

Why does the Krebs cycle have 2 cycles?

A

Each pyruvate molecule goes through it individually with individual products

50
Q 
How many 
NADH
FADH2
ATP 
are present at the end of krebs
A 
NADH = 6 (Krebs) 2 (Glycolysis) 2 (pyruvate oxidation) 
FADH2 = 2 (Krebs) 
ATP = 2 (Krebs) 2 (Glycolysis)
51
Q

How do NADH and FADH2 from Krebs form ATP during ETC?

A

They are oxidised (and release electrons which move across the ETC and release energy to pump H+, which drives ATP synthetase)

52
Q

How many ATP do the protons of 10 NADH produce in ETC?

53
Q

How many ATP do the protons of 2 FADH2 produce in ETC?

54
Q

How many ATP would a fully efficient cell produce?

55
Q

Why is it that not always will a mitochondria efficiently produce 38ATP?

A

Energy may be lost as some electron may jump the process

Some H+ may leak through the synthase and not fully drive it

56
Q

What is the ETC ?

A

A collection of carrier molecules (including cytochromes) embedded in the cistae

57
Q

Which process produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?

58
Q

Why is it that FADH2 don’t produce as much ATP as as NADH?

A

FADH2 electrons are at lower energy levels

59
Q

What is the first step of the ETC? State the equation

A

Oxi

NADH —> NAD+ + H+ +2e-

60
Q

What is the 2nd step of ETC? State the equation

A

Red

2e- + 2H+ + 1/2O2 —-> H2O

61
Q

What happens between these stages of redox reactions?

A

From oxidation to reduction, electrons go through coenzyme Q and cytochrome carrier molecules and go from high to low energy levels. This releases energy

62
Q

What is the energy released from redox reactions used for by carrier molecules?

A

It is used to pump out H+ (from oxi of NADH)

63
Q

Where are carrier molecules such as cytochromes found?

A

Cistae membrane

64
Q

Compare the matrix and outer compartment in terms of pH and why

A

Outer compartment is acidic
Matrix is basic
This is because of the proton gradient (H+ concentration determines acidity)

65
Q

State how H+ go to the already H+ concentrated compartment against the gradient

A

Using active transport and energy from Redox

66
Q

What is the process of H+ going through ATP synthase called?

A

Chemiosmosis

67
Q

What is another word for ATP synthesis? (ADP->ATP)

A

Phosphorylation

68
Q

How is ATP produced in Glycolysis / Krebs?

A

Substrate phosphorylation (enzymes)

69
Q

In the ETC what is the final proton and electron acceptor, and why, and what happens when accepted?

A

Oxygen
Because it has a strong attraction for them
Water is formed as a waste product (exhaled as vapor)

70
Q

Which 2 processes together make up oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ETC + Chemiosmosis

71
Q

What is chemiosmosis

A

Process of energy production during ETC

72
Q

In which organisms is ETC used?

A

Aerobic organisms

73
Q

What is the raw material that enters Krebs?

A

Acetyl-CoA from pyruvate oxidation

74
Q

What are by products of cellular respiration

75
Q

Another word for citric acid

A

Tricarboxylic acid

76
Q

Which 2 things make up citric acid?

A

Acetyl-CoA

Oxaloacetic acid

77
Q

Does Glycolysis need oxygen?

A

No it is anaerobic

78
Q

Why is respiration overall oxidation?

A

Glucose is losing electrons to give off carbon dioxide (as oxygen is reduced to form water)

Biology Subject Test (SAT II) (10 decks)

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