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Biology Subject Test (SAT II) > Chapter Five: Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter Five: Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Process by which light/solar energy is used to make glucose, by converting it to chemical energy stored in chemical bonds

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2
Q

What is the general formula for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Reverse of respiration

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3
Q

Why is photosynthesis a reduction reaction?

A

Because carbon dioxide (energy poor) is gaining electrons from hydrogen to become energy rich sugar

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4
Q

What are organisms that make their own food called?

A

Autotrophs

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5
Q

State the structure of a chloroplast

A

Enclosed by a double membrane
Has grana, which are layers of membranes called thylakoids
And stroma, colourless proteinaceous matrix in which grana are embedded

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6
Q

Where in a chloroplast do light dependant reactions occur?

A

Grana

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7
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle/light-independant reactions occur?

A

Stroma

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8
Q

Why will a plant die if only exposed to green light?

A

It reflects green light and absorbs all others. So due to lack of energy would not make food

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9
Q

What are pigments?

A

Substances that absorb light in the visible spectrum

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10
Q

Which pigment can directly participate in light dependant reactions?

A

Chlorophyll a

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11
Q

Different pigments can absorb…

A

Different wavelengths of light

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12
Q

What do other accessory pigments do?

A

Assist in photosynthesis by capturing and passing on photons of light to chlorophyll a, and thus expanding range of light which can be used to make sugar

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13
Q

Name 3 accessory pigments

A

Chlorophyll b
Cartenoids
Phycobilins

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14
Q

Differentiate the accessory pigments in terns of colours

A

Chlorophyll b - reflects green light
Cartenoid - yellow orange red
Phycobilin - red found in red algae

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15
Q

What is the condition relating light being used as energy to create sugar?

A

ONLY light ABSORBED can be used

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16
Q

What is the function of light dependant reactions?

A

Produce energy (ATP) and protons for the light-independent reactions

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17
Q

What is the function of light independant reactions?

A

Making sugar (PGAL)

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18
Q

Grana is made of stacks of thylakoids, what’s inside of these?

A

Hundred of light-absorbing complexes called photo systems which house chlorophyll a, b and cartenoids

19
Q

In a simple equation state how ATP is made in chloroplasts (as in mitochondria) and state the one difference

A

Light -> chlorophyll -> excited electrons -> ETC -> proton gradient -> ATP synthetase -> ATP

However, water is not the by-product it is instead the source of electrons and protons!!

20
Q

What is the name of the process which breaks down water, and what are the products?

A

Photolysis

Electrons, protons, oxygen

21
Q

What is the role of each product from photolysis in sugar making?

A

Electrons - replace those lost by chlorophyll
Protons - go through ATP synthetase channels and get carried by NADP to stroma for Calvin cycle/light-independent reactions
Oxygen - waste released to atmosphere. This is how we get our oxygen!!

22
Q

What is the function of the Calvin cycle?

A

Sugar / PGAL production

23
Q

Briefly, what happens during the light-independent reactions ?

A

CO2, which the plant takes in through it’s veins, combines with protons and electrons from the light reactions carried by NADP to produce sugar

24
Q

Give the simplified equation for the light-independent reactions

A

CO2 + H+ + electrons -> PGAL

25
Q

What is carbon fixation and when does it occur?

A

Incorporation of CO2 into a sugar molecule

In the Calvin cycle

26
Q

What is the full form of PGAL?

A

Phosphoglyceraldehyde

27
Q

What is the all important enzyme in the Calvin cycle? (short and formal names)

A

Rubisco - Ribulose bipphosphate carboxylase

28
Q

State the (4) essence of the light independent reactions

A
  • take place in stroma of chloroplasts
  • PGAL is produced
  • Rubisco enzyme is required
  • large amounts of ATP needed (come from light dependant reactions)
29
Q

How many carbons in one PGAL?

A

Its a 3 carbon sugar

30
Q

What is another way to say PGAL?

A

G3P

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

31
Q

Differentiate when CR and P occur

A

CR - all the time

P - only in light

32
Q

Differentiate reactions of CR and P overall

A

CR - oxidation

P - reduction

33
Q

What are 2 similarities between CR and P?

A
  • rely on ETC to make a proton gradient

* ATP produced by ATP synthetase

34
Q

Differentiate molecule requirements and released between CR and P

A

CR - O2 needed, CO2 released

P - CO2 needed, O2 released

35
Q

Differentiate the proton carriers in CR and P

A

CR - NAD

P - NADP

36
Q

Differentiate the cyclical processes contained by CR and P

A

CR - Krebs

P - Calvin

37
Q

Why does majority of photosynthesis take place in the palisade layer?

A

Has many tightly packed cells that contain chloroplasts

38
Q

The spongy mesophyll layer also has cells of chloroplasts but loosely packed with many AIR SPACES. What does this allow?

A

Exchange of oxygen, water vapor, and carbon dioxide

39
Q

What does the clear epidermis do?

A

It does not photosynthesise
It protects the delicate underlying cells
It allows light to pass into the leaf

40
Q

What is the layer above epidermis called and what’s of made of?

A

Cuticle

Cutin

41
Q

What is the use of the cuticle?

A

It is waterproof so it minimises excessive water loss

42
Q

What controls the opening and closing of stomates?

A

Guard cells

43
Q

What is the use of stomata?

A

Allow for gas exchange with minimum water loss

44
Q

Do light independent reactions occur at night?

A

No. They may not need light but do need H+, ATP, and NADP from the light dependant reactions

Biology Subject Test (SAT II) (10 decks)

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