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Biology Subject Test (SAT II) > Chapter Ten: Plants > Flashcards

Chapter Ten: Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Plants include all multicelled, eukaryotic, photosynthetic _

A

Autotrophs

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2
Q

Plant cell walls are made of _ and they store carbs as _

A

Cellulose

Starch

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3
Q

State characteristics of bryophytes

vascular tissue, habitat and why and water absorption, size and why

A

They have no vascular tissue
Live in moist environment because they have no xylem/roots so absorb/transport water by osmosis
They are small because they lack lignin-fortified tissue that support tall plants on land

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4
Q

State characteristics of tracheophytes

transport vessels, reproduction

A

Have xylem and phloem

Both seedless/spores and seeds

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5
Q

What are gymosperms?

A

They are conifers, cone-bearing plants with seeds on the surface

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6
Q

Some ways conifers are made resistant to wind/cold/drought

A

W-needle shaped leaves
C-thick waxy cuticle
D-stomates in stomatical crypts to reduce further water loss

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7
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

Flowering plants in which seeds develop inside ovaries of flowers. Ovary becomes fruit

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8
Q

Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots. State differences (cotyledons, vascular bundles, leaf venation, floral parts, roots)

A

Mono-1 baby seed leaf, scattered bundles, parallel, in 3s, fibrous root system
Di-2 baby seed leaves, branched network, 4s or 5s, tap root system

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9
Q

What is a cladogram?

A

Shows evolutionary relationships with development of traits

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10
Q

What were the 3 biggest problems plants faced as they moved to land as competition increased in water?

A
  • suporting a plant body
  • absorbing water
  • conserving water
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11
Q

How do plants have support?

A

Cellulose cell walls to maintain shape

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12
Q

How do plants absorb water from the soil?

A

Roots and root hairs

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13
Q

What are the functions of stomates?

A
  • open to exchange photosynthetic gases

- cloee to minimize excessive water loss

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14
Q

Apart from stomata, what else helps plants with reducing excessive water loss?

A

Waxy cuticle made of cutin

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15
Q

What is gametangia?

A

Protective jacket of cells in some plants which prevent gametes and zygotes from drying out

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16
Q

What is sporopollenin and wheres it found?

A

It is a tough polymer resistant to most environmental damage Ian’s protects plants in harsh terrestrial places.
Found in cell walls of spores and pollen

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17
Q

Seeds and pollen have a protective coats that prevents _ and allows for _

A

Desiccation (drying out)

Dispersal

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18
Q

Why do plants continue to grow as long as they live?

A

They have meristem tissue that continually divides

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19
Q

What is primary growth?

A

It is vertical growth, elongation of the plant down into the soil and up into the air

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20
Q

New cells arise from _ in primary growth. These are located _ and _

A

Apical meristem

Buds if shoots tips of roots

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21
Q

3 zones of cells at different stages of primary growth at the root + root cap?

A

Zone of cell division - apical meristem
Zone of elongation
Zone of differentiation/specialization - root hairs
Root cap - secretes substance to digest earth as the root grows through soil

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22
Q

The zone of division has _ which are activly dividing

A

Meristem

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23
Q

Cells in in zone of elongation are responsible for?

A

Pushing the root cap downward and deeper

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24
Q

One the zone of specialization cells undergo specialization into 3 primary meristems that give rise to 3 tissue systems. These are:

A

Epidermis
Ground tissue
Xylem phloem

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25
Q

What is secondary growth?

A

Lateral growth or an increase in girth

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26
Q

What makes secondary growth possible?

A

Layers meristem

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27
Q

Why is it that herbaceous plants don’t have secondary growth?

A

They only live for 1 season

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28
Q

Functions of the roots:

A
  • absorb nutrients from soil
  • anchor plant to soil
  • store food
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29
Q

What is the epidermis in roots?

A

Covers the root surface, and has slender cytoplasmic projections from epidermal cells called root hairs which extend and increase roots absorptive surface area

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30
Q

What is another name for vascular cylinder and it’s function?

A

Stele

Support

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31
Q

State structure of a stele

A

Has vascular tissue surrounded by 1/+ layers of pericycle tissue, from which lateral roots arise

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32
Q

What is endodermis?

A

Tightly packed layer of cells around the stele

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33
Q

Each endoderm cell is wrapped with a casparian strip. What is this?

A

A continuous band of waxy material, impervious to water and dissolved minerals

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34
Q

Function of endodermis?

A

Select what minerals enter stele and body of plant

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35
Q

What is lateral movement?

A

Movement of water and solutes across a plant

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36
Q

What is symplast?

A

Continuous system of cytoplasm of cells interconnected by plasmodesmata

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37
Q

What is apoplast?

A

Network of cell walls and intracellular spaces within a plant body that permit extensive extracellular movement of water within the plant

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38
Q

Mature plants lack root hairs they have mycorrhizae. What are mycorrhizae?

A

Symbiotic structures consisting of plant roots intermingled with hyphae (filaments) of fungus that increase absorption quantity of nutrients

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39
Q

What is rhizobium?

A

Symbiotic bacterium that lives in root nodules and fixed nitrogen gas into another form the legume needs

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40
Q

What is a tap root?

A

Single large dominant root that gives rise to lateral branch roots. Some plants are modified to use it for storage

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41
Q

What is a fibrous root system?

A

Thin branching roots from the stem. Holds the plant firmly in place and thus minimize soil erosion

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42
Q

What are adventitious roots?

A

Rise above ground

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43
Q

What are aerial roots?

A

Trees growing in swamps/marshes have these roots sticking up out of the water and aerate the root cells

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44
Q

What are prop roots?

A

Eg corn have roots that grow aboveground our from the base of the stem and help support the plant

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45
Q

What’s the function of the stem and how does this help the leaves? Also give an an auxiliary function of stems

A

Support
Allows leaves to receive the most light
Transport water and minerals from the soil, and nutrients from leaves to the rest of the plant

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46
Q

What are Vascular bundles?

A

Strands of vascular tissue

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47
Q

What does a vascular bundle contain?

A

Xylem on the inside
Phloem outside
Meristem tissue between the two - cambium

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48
Q

How are vascular bundles arranged in monocot and dicots in STEMS?

A

mono- scattered through out (mainly edge)

di- ring around the edge

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49
Q

How are vascular bundles arranged in monocot and dicots in ROOTS?

A

mono- ring

di- xylem in the center and phloem outside the xylem

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50
Q

What is ground tissue? What does it consist of in the stem?

A

Theground tissueof plants includes all tissues that are neitherdermalnorvascular.
Cortex, pith, and parenchymal tissues modified for storage

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51
Q

What is pith?

A

Pith is composed of soft, spongy, meristematic parenchymacells, which store and transport nutrients throughout the plant

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52
Q

How is the leaf organized?

A

Maximise sugar production

Minimize water loss

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53
Q

Function of upper/lower epidermis?

A

Protection

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54
Q

Function of waxy cuticle?

A

Minimizes water loss

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55
Q

Function of guard cells (modified epidermal cellsc, contain chloroplasts)

A

Control opening/closing of stomates

56
Q

Function of Palisade mesophyll?

A

(Tightly packed)

Photosynthesis

57
Q

Function of spongy mesophyll?

A

(loosely packed)
Photosynthesis
Diffusion and exchange of gases

58
Q

Function of veins (in the mesophyll)?

A

Carry water and nutrients from soil to leaves, and sugar from leaves to the rest of the plant

59
Q

Respiration needs 1 and produces 2

Photosynthesis needs 3 and produces 4

A

1- o2
2- co2
3- co2
4- 02

60
Q

Why and when (in the day) do stomates open and close ?

A

They open to allow gas exchange and close to reduce water loss by transpiration.
They open when photosynthesis is running at stop speed when the sun is bright, and close at night

61
Q

How do stomates open and close?

A

They do in response to water pressure. Become turgid and open, flaccid and close

62
Q

4 types of plant tissues?

A

Dermal
Vascular
Ground
Meristem

63
Q

What is dermal tissue?

A

Outer protective covering with a single layer of epidermal cells

64
Q

2 ways epidermal cells are protected?

A

Waxy Cuticle

Spikes called trichomes

65
Q

How are stomates, as epidermal cells, different from other ones?

A

Have chloroplasts

66
Q

What’s vascular tissue?

A

Transport water and nutrients

67
Q

What is ground tissue

A

Make up all plant tissue except dermal and vascular

68
Q

3 ground tissue types?

A

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

69
Q

How do parenchyma cells look

A

Primary thin flexible cell wall (no secondary wall)
1/2 large vacuoles that supports the plant when turgid
Eg chlorplasts in mesophyll cells

70
Q

How do collenchyma cells look

A

Unevenly thickened primary cell walls

No secondary cell wall

71
Q

How do sclerenchyma cells look

A

Very thick primary and secondary cell walls fortified with lignin
Function: support

72
Q

2 types of elongated cells consisting xylem?

A

Tracheids (secondary cell wall of lignin for support and transport)
Vessel elements

73
Q

How do xylem carry water/nutrients up? (4 points)

A

Against gravity
Without expenditure of energy
Trnaspirational pull
Cohesion tension

74
Q

What are transpiration and cohesion?

A

T- evaporation from leaves

C- water molecules attracted to eachother

75
Q

What does the transpirational pull-cohesion tension theory state?

A

For each molecule of water that evaporates by transpiration (due to sunlight), another is drawn at the root to replace it

76
Q

4 factors affecting rate of transpiration :

A

1) Humidity: high/slow, low/fast
2) Wind: reduce humidity near stomates thereby increase transpiration
3) Light intensity: more heat, increased photosynthesis and more water vapour to be transpired
4) Closing stomates: stop transpiration

77
Q

Phloem are made of chains of _ and _

A

Sieve tube elements

Companion cells

78
Q

What is translocation?

A

Process by which phloem carry sugar from leaves to rest of plant and requires Energy

79
Q

How do plants reproduce asexually?

A

Vegetative propagation where a vegetative piece of a plant reproduces an entirely new plant identical to the parent

80
Q

State the structure and function of petals

A

Brightly colored
Modified leave found inside the sepals
Attract pollinators

81
Q

State the structure and function of sepals

A

Outermost circle of leaves
Green
Enclose the bud and protect it and then the flower as it develops

82
Q

State the structure and function of pistil/carpel

A

Ovary, stigma, style

Produce female gametophytes

83
Q

State the structure and function of ovary

A

Swollen part of carpel

Contains ovule where Ova produced by meiosis

84
Q

State the structure and function of ovule

A

In ovary where ova are produced

85
Q

State the structure and function of style

A

Long stalk of carpel

86
Q

State the structure and function of stigma

A

Sticky top of style when pollen lands

87
Q

State the structure and function of stamen

A

Male part

Anther+filament

88
Q

State the structure and function of anther

A

Pollen produced by meiosis

89
Q

State the structure and function of filament

A

Threadlike structure supporting anther

90
Q

State the nuclei of pollen

A

3 haploid nuclei-1 tube nucleus, 2 sperm nuclei

91
Q

Explain pollination and double fertilization in flowering plants

A

When pollen lands on stigma, absorbs moisture and germinates/sprouts a pollen tube that burrows down the style. 2 sperm nuclei go through the tube to ovary, and then through a micropyle into ovule. One sperm fertilizes egg to form embryo (2n). The other fertilizes 2 polar bodies and becomes triploid (3n) endosperm or cotyledon (food for embryo)

92
Q

What is a polar body?

A

Small haploid cell that is formed concomitantly as an egg cell during oogenesis, but generally does not have the ability to be fertilized. When certain diploid cells in animals undergo cytokinesis after meiosis to produce egg cells, they sometimes divide unevenly.

93
Q

Ovule becomes _ and ripened ovary becomes _

A

Seed

Fruit

94
Q

What is endosperm?

A

nutritivetissueinseedplantsformedwithintheembryosac bydivisionof theendospermnucleus

95
Q

What is a cotelydon

A

thefirst/embryonicleafor one of thefirstpair

96
Q

State how food reserves differ between monocot and dicots?

A

M- remain in endosperm

D- transported to cotyledons

97
Q

State the 2 equations of double fertilization

A
  1. Sperm+ovum->embryo(2n)

2. Sperm+2 polar bodies->endosperm(3n)

98
Q

What does a seed consist of?

A

Protective seed coat
Embryo
Cotyledons/Endosperm

99
Q

What does embryo consist of

A

Hypocotyl - lower part of stem and roots
Epicotyl - upper part of stem
Radicle - embryonic root

100
Q

Differences between monocot and dicot seeds?

A

Dicot can be spilt in half

Dicot has cotyledons monocot has endosperm

101
Q

The gametophyte generation is

A

Haploid n

102
Q

The sporophyte generation is

A

Diploid 2n

103
Q

Briefly explain how sexually reproducing plants alternate between generations

A

The haploid gametophyte produces gametes by mitosis. These fuse during fertilization to yield diploid zygotes. Each zygote produces sporophytes by mitosis , which by meiosis give haploid spores. Then these form gametophytes by mitosis. And the cycle continues

104
Q

What is antheridium?

A

Produces sperm, develops of gametophyte

105
Q

What is archegonium

A

Produces eggs, develops on gametophyte

106
Q

What is gametophyte

A

Haploid adult plant

107
Q

What is a megaspore

A

Produced by large female cones and develop into female gametophytes

108
Q

What are microspores

A

Produced by small male cones and develop into male gametophytes or pollen

109
Q

What is protonema

A

Branching, one cell thick filaments produced by germinating moss spores, become gametophyte in moss

110
Q

What is sporangia

A

On tip of mature sporophytes where meiosis occurs producing haploid spores

111
Q

What is sporophyte

A

Diploid adult plant

112
Q

What is sori

A

Raised spots underside sporophyte ferns, clusters of sporangia

113
Q

What is sori

A

Raised spots underside sporophyte ferns, clusters of sporangia

114
Q

Plant hormones help coordinate _, _ and _ to environmental stimuli

A

Growth
Development
Response

115
Q

Why do phototropisms occur

A

Due to unequal auxin distribution

116
Q

Auxin enhance apical dominance. What does this mean

A

Growth of plant upward rather than laterally. Terminal bud depresses lateral growth by suppressing development of axial buds

117
Q

How do auxin stimulation stem elongation and growth

A

By softening cell walls

118
Q

What is IIA

A

Naturally covering auxin

Indoleacetic acid

119
Q

What are cytokinins

A 
Hormones that stimulate cytokinesis and cell division 
Delay aging (senescence) by inhibiting protein breakdown
120
Q

What do gibberellins do (hormones)

A

Promote stem and leaf elongation

121
Q

What is bolting and why is it important

A

Rapid growth of floral stalk in the reproductive stage to ensure pollination and seed dispersal

122
Q

What does abscisic acid do (hormone)

A

-ABA inhibits growth and printed seed dormancy
Eg Withstand drought
-Closes stomates during times of water stress

123
Q

What is ethylene

A

Gaseous Plant hormone

124
Q

What are auxins

A

Hormones

125
Q

What does ethylene do

A

Promotes ripening

126
Q

What is a tropism

A

Growth of a plant towards or away from a stimulus

127
Q

State 3 tropisms

A

Thigmo (touch)
Geo/gravi
Photo (light)

128
Q

Toward a stimulus is a _ tropism while away is _

A

Positive

Negative

129
Q

What generation dominates in moss. What does this mean

A

Gametophyte

Most of life cycle and sporophyte depend on ^ for nutrients which is gets by photosynthesis

130
Q

What is moss

A

Green carpet like plan in damp forests

131
Q

What are ferns

A

Seedless vascular plants intermediate of primitive bryophytes and vascular flowering plants

132
Q

Which generation is dominant in ferns and how does the dependancy work

A

Sporophyte

However both g and s sustain themselves by photosynthesis

133
Q

What are seed plants

A

Vascular seed producing plants

134
Q

What generations do angiosperms depends on

A

Sporophyte

135
Q

In gymosperms (conifers/cones) how do gametophytes form

A

Gametophyte develops from haploid spores retained in sporangia

Biology Subject Test (SAT II) (10 decks)

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