Chapter Ten: Plants Flashcards
Plants include all multicelled, eukaryotic, photosynthetic _
Autotrophs
Plant cell walls are made of _ and they store carbs as _
Cellulose
Starch
State characteristics of bryophytes
vascular tissue, habitat and why and water absorption, size and why
They have no vascular tissue
Live in moist environment because they have no xylem/roots so absorb/transport water by osmosis
They are small because they lack lignin-fortified tissue that support tall plants on land
State characteristics of tracheophytes
transport vessels, reproduction
Have xylem and phloem
Both seedless/spores and seeds
What are gymosperms?
They are conifers, cone-bearing plants with seeds on the surface
Some ways conifers are made resistant to wind/cold/drought
W-needle shaped leaves
C-thick waxy cuticle
D-stomates in stomatical crypts to reduce further water loss
What are angiosperms?
Flowering plants in which seeds develop inside ovaries of flowers. Ovary becomes fruit
Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots. State differences (cotyledons, vascular bundles, leaf venation, floral parts, roots)
Mono-1 baby seed leaf, scattered bundles, parallel, in 3s, fibrous root system
Di-2 baby seed leaves, branched network, 4s or 5s, tap root system
What is a cladogram?
Shows evolutionary relationships with development of traits
What were the 3 biggest problems plants faced as they moved to land as competition increased in water?
- suporting a plant body
- absorbing water
- conserving water
How do plants have support?
Cellulose cell walls to maintain shape
How do plants absorb water from the soil?
Roots and root hairs
What are the functions of stomates?
- open to exchange photosynthetic gases
- cloee to minimize excessive water loss
Apart from stomata, what else helps plants with reducing excessive water loss?
Waxy cuticle made of cutin
What is gametangia?
Protective jacket of cells in some plants which prevent gametes and zygotes from drying out
What is sporopollenin and wheres it found?
It is a tough polymer resistant to most environmental damage Ian’s protects plants in harsh terrestrial places.
Found in cell walls of spores and pollen
Seeds and pollen have a protective coats that prevents _ and allows for _
Desiccation (drying out)
Dispersal
Why do plants continue to grow as long as they live?
They have meristem tissue that continually divides
What is primary growth?
It is vertical growth, elongation of the plant down into the soil and up into the air
New cells arise from _ in primary growth. These are located _ and _
Apical meristem
Buds if shoots tips of roots
3 zones of cells at different stages of primary growth at the root + root cap?
Zone of cell division - apical meristem
Zone of elongation
Zone of differentiation/specialization - root hairs
Root cap - secretes substance to digest earth as the root grows through soil
The zone of division has _ which are activly dividing
Meristem
Cells in in zone of elongation are responsible for?
Pushing the root cap downward and deeper
One the zone of specialization cells undergo specialization into 3 primary meristems that give rise to 3 tissue systems. These are:
Epidermis
Ground tissue
Xylem phloem