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Biology Subject Test (SAT II) > Chapter One: Biochemistry > Flashcards

Chapter One: Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the relative masses and charges of the 3 subatomic particles?

A

Proton: 1, +1
Neutron: 1, 0
Electron: 0, -1

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2
Q

Why are atoms in the elemental state neutral?

A

Equal number of protons and electrons

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3
Q

What does electron configuration determine?

A

How atoms of an element react with another type of atoms

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4
Q

What are atoms called when their electrons are in the lowest available energy level?

A

Ground state

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5
Q

When do electrons move to higher energy levels?

A

When they absorb energy

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6
Q

What is the state of electrons in higher energy levels?

A

Excited state

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7
Q

Explain how chlorophyll molecules make sugar using idea of energy

A

Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, excited electrons provide energy to make sugar as they release energy while returning to ground state

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8
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element that vary only with neutron number

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9
Q

State uses of radioisotopes

A

Estimating age of fossils, medical diagnosis and treatment

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10
Q

When is a bond formed?

A

When nuclei attract the same electrons

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11
Q

Why are bonds made?

A

To obtain stability/full valency

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12
Q

State what happens to energy when bonds are made/broken

A

Made: released
Broken: supplied

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13
Q

How are ionic bonds formed? Which elements are ionic bonds formed in?

A

Electrons are transferred

In metals

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14
Q

What are anions and cations

A

Gains electrons: Anion: negative ion

Loses electrons: Cation: positive ion

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15
Q

How are covalent bonds made?

A

Electrons are shared to form molecules

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16
Q

What makes bonds non polar? (3+1)

A

Electrons are shared equally, and form between alike atoms ( mono/diatomic, *and C-H), and are symmetrical

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17
Q

What makes bonds polar? (3+1)

A

Electrons shared unequally, formed between unalike atoms, especially hydrogen bonds, asmmetrical

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18
Q

What is intermolecular force of attraction?

A

Force between molecules

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19
Q

What is polar-polar attraction? Determine the strength of polar molecules compared to that of non polar molecules

A

Attraction between positive and negative ends of polar molecules. Polar ones are stronger

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20
Q

Explain non polar molecule attraction

A

Balanced, and linear in terms of symmetry so they have the weakest attraction

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21
Q

Describe the terms hydrophobic and hydrophilic

A

Phobic:Water hating
Philic:Water loving

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22
Q

Non polar substances such as lipids do not dissolve in water. Why?

A

Like dissolves like.

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23
Q

State which things give water it’s special characteristics

A

It is asymmetrical->highly polar, strong intermolecular attractions->strong hydrogen bonding

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24
Q

Water has a high specific heat capacity. What does this mean?

A

It takes a lot of heat in order to raise the temperature of 1gram of water by 1°C

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25
Q

Water has a high heat of vaporisation. How does this apply in the cooling effect?

A

When sweat evaporates it takes along with it a lot of heat from the body

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26
Q

Why is water the universal solvent?

A

It is highly polar and can dissolve all polar and ionic substances

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27
Q

Why does ice float on water?

A

It is less dense

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28
Q

Explain the phenomenon of spring overturn

A

During winter, ice layers water and insulates and moderates climate for life below. When it melts in spring it becomes denser water and sinks and causes water circulation. This makes oxygen reach the depths, and nutrients from bacteria reach the surface. It is crucial for lake health

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29
Q

Explain what it means by water having strong cohesion tension

A

Water molecules stick to each other via hydrogen bonds. Oxygen has a higher EN value than hydrogen so it tends to pull electrons with more force and has a partial negative charge. This oxygen attracts to an opposite hydrogen in another molecule which is partially positive via electrostatic force of attraction. This dipole dipole interaction is the hydrogen bond. The intramolecular bond between oxygen and hydrogen in the same moleceule is polar covalent as electrons are shared unequally.

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30
Q

How is it possible for bugs to walk on water?

A

Cohesion forces and surface tension

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31
Q

What is water adhesion?

A

When water molecules cling to substances via hydrogen bonds

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32
Q

How is adhesion useful in plants?

A

Responsible for capillary action (water moves up a plant. Additionally, due to trnaspirational pull cohesion tension this can be done without spending energy)

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33
Q

State the general principle relating H+ ions to pH

A

As the concentration of H+ increases, pH decreases

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34
Q

What is pH?

A

A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

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35
Q

What is unit for pH?

A

Concentration of H+ ion in moles per litre

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36
Q

How is pH regulated by human blood?

A

Bicarbonate hydrogen ions

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37
Q

What is the chemical formula for bicarbonate hydrogen?

A

HCO3-

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38
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A pH regulator, which can absorb excess or donate hydrogen ions

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39
Q

Which pollutants cause acid rain?

A

SO2, CO2, SO4

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40
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

The ability of an atom to attract electrons to obtain a full outer she’ll

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41
Q

Which type of elements are electronegative/postive

A 
- = non mentals
\+ = metals
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42
Q

What is the EN value for H?

A

2.1

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43
Q

What is the EN value of C?

A

2.5

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44
Q

What is the EN value for N?

A

3.0

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45
Q

What is the EN value for O?

A

3.5

46
Q

What is the EN value for F?

A

4.0

47
Q

What is the EN value for Cl?

A

3.0

48
Q

What is the EN value for S?

A

2.5

49
Q

What is the EN value for Br?

A

2.8

50
Q

What is the EN value for I?

A

2.5

51
Q

Why do noble gases not have EN values?

A

They are stable

52
Q

What is the trend of EN across the periodic table?

A

It increases

53
Q

What is the trend of EN down the periodic table?

A

It decreases

54
Q

How do you calculate polarity of a bond?

A

Find the EN difference, if it is <0.5 it’s nonpolar, if it’s 0.5-1.9 it’s polar. If >1.9 it’s ionic

55
Q

How does geometry affect polarity?

A

Linear=nonpolar

Asymmetrical=polar

56
Q

What is the dipole moment?

A

It occurs when there’s a separation of charge. When atoms share electrons unequally.

57
Q

Can all pairs of dipole moments cancel?

A

No. Only when they’re symmetrical/opposite.

Like water, the shape is important (linear/asymmetric). Water is diagonal and and if drawn with vectors parallel vectors cannot cancel and make net D=0.

58
Q

State 2 factors affecting the size of dipole moment and relate them

A

-EN difference
-Distance between charge
The greater they are, the larger the dipole.

59
Q

What is the measure of polarity?

A

Dipole

60
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

It is an intermolecular bond/force of attraction which is dipole-dipole between charged hydrogen atoms and oxygen/nitrogen/fluorine atoms.

61
Q

What is molarity in terms of pH?

A

It is the concentration of H+ ions in moles/litre.

62
Q

What is the unit for molarity?

A

Molar

63
Q

What is the molarity for pH 1?

A

1l × 10^-1 = 0.1molar

And so on for each pH, replacing the power

64
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Containing carbon

65
Q

What are carbohydrates made of?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

66
Q

Which type of organic compounds supply quick energy and how much per gram in a calorimeter

A

Carbohydrates

4cals released on burning 1g

67
Q

State the chemical formula of of monosaccharides

A

C6H12O6

68
Q

How are glucose, galactose, and fructose related to each other?

A

They are monosaccharides that are isomers of each other

69
Q

What are isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structures

70
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Made of 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

71
Q

Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide gives?

A

Disaccharide + WATER

72
Q

Which monosaccharides need to be added to get maltose?

A

Glucose + Glucose

73
Q

Which monosaccharides need to be added to get lactose?

A

Glucose + Galactose

74
Q

Which monosaccharides need to be added to get sucrose?

A

Glucose + Fructose

75
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

It the reverse of dehydration synthesis, the breakdown of compounds through the addition of water

76
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polymers of carbohydrates

77
Q

How are polymers formed?

A

Addition of many monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

78
Q

How do plants store carbs?

A

Starch

79
Q

How do animals store carbs?

A

Glycogen

80
Q

Where is glycogen found in humans?

A

Liver

Skeletal muscles

81
Q

Which polysaccharide makes up plant cell walls?

A

Cellulose

82
Q

Which polysaccharide makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods, and cell walls of mushrooms?

A

Chitin

83
Q

What do lipids consist of?

A

1 glycerol

3 fatty acids

84
Q

What is glycerol?

A

An alcohol

C3H5(OH)3

85
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

A hydrocarbon with a carboxyl group at one end

86
Q

What is the structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated: carbon-carbon single bonds
Unsaturated: carbon-carbon double bonds (fewer Hydrogen)

87
Q

State 3 functions of lipids

A

Energy storage: 9cals/gram
Structural: phospholipid membranes
Endocrine: hormones

88
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

They are polypeptides made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

89
Q

State the composition of an amino acid

A

Carboxyl group
Amine group
Variable (R) which differs with the 20 different amino acids

90
Q

What are complex macros such as proteins responsible for?

A

Growth and repair

91
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

Molecules of 2 amino acids

92
Q

What affects the function of a protein?

A

It’s structural level

93
Q

What is the primary level?

A

A sequence of amino acids giving a protein chain

94
Q

What is the secondary level?

A

Hydrogen bonding within the molecule (such as the helical nature of DNA)

95
Q

What is the tertiary level?

A

A 3D conformation as a result of intramolecular attraction and most directly determines the way a protein functions and it’s specificity

96
Q

What is the quaternary level?

A

More than one polypeptide chain (eg haemoglobin has 4)

97
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Large proteins that speed up reaction by lowering the activation energy

98
Q

What is the induced fit model?

A

A substrate enters the active site and it induces the enzyme to alter shape to fit better

99
Q

What is one very important principle of biological catalysts?

A

They are not degraded, instead reused

100
Q

How are most enzymes named?

A

After the substrate they hydrolyse, end in ‘ase’

101
Q

What do enzymes take the help of to function?

A

Cofactors (minerals)

Coenzymes (vitamins)

102
Q

What 2 factors affect enzyme efficiency?

A

Temperature

pH

103
Q

What causes denatured enzymes to be unable to function?

A

They lose their unique shape because the tertiary structure is damaged beyond repair

104
Q

What is a prion protein and how can it adversely affect one’s brain cells?

A

An infectious glycoprotein found on the cell surface of the CNS that sometimes misfolds, and proliferates by inducing the normal protein to convert. Makes cells resist recycling, form hardy gunk and form lethal spongey holes

105
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Polymers of nucleotides

106
Q

State the composition of a nucleotide

A

A phosphate group, a 5-Carbon sugar (either deoxyribose, or ribose), Ajt a nitrogenous base

107
Q

State the nitrogen bases in pairs in DNA

A

Adenine - Guanine

Cytosine - Thymine

108
Q

State the bases in RNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

109
Q

State the bond between bonds in DNA

A

Hydrogen bond

110
Q

Why are there no hydrogen bonds in RNA?

A

There are only single stands of nucleotides

111
Q

Explain how like substances dissolve like substances.

A

Solvent particles move to make room for solute ones this requires energy to overcome force of attraction/endo. Solute particles move from neighbours also endo to overcome FOA. Solvent moves between solute and intermolecular FOA hold and they move closer and this releases energy/exo

112
Q

State why polar can dissolve polar and vice versa for non polar but not one with the other

A

Polar- they have the same partial charge eg strong H-bonding so they can attract and form intermolecular forces

Nonpolar- weak London forces so they can be broken easily/little resistance and become miscible

Strong forces in polar keep nonpolar out

Biology Subject Test (SAT II) (10 decks)

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