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Biology Subject Test (SAT II) > Chapter Nine: Biological Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter Nine: Biological Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The system by which we name and classify all organisms

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2
Q

What is the system of taxonomy known as as per having two-part names?

A

Binomial nomenclature

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3
Q

What is hierarchy of taxa?

A

Levels of organization

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4
Q

What are the many taxa ?

A 
Kingdom 
Phylum
Class 
Order 
Family 
Genus 
Species
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5
Q

What is a kingdom?

A

Most general, has most varied organisms

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6
Q

What is species?

A

Most specific, has most similar organisms

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7
Q

What USED to be the 6 kingdoms?

A
  • Monera (prokaryotes)
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
  • Archaebacteria (extremophiles, extreme environment but were unalike bacteria)
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8
Q

What are the 3 superkingdoms now consisting the 3 domain system?

A
  • Archaea
  • Bacteria
  • Eukarya
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9
Q

Why is monera no longer used?

A

Prokaryotes are spread across Archaea and bacteria

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10
Q

Why was the chnace to 3 domain system necessary?

A

Archaea needed their own group because they were so different from bacteria

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11
Q

State the vital role of bacteria in the ecosystem

A

Decomposes

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12
Q

How can bacteria be harmful?

A

Pathogens

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13
Q

What is the role of bacteria in genetic engineering?

A

Can reproduce hormones by inserting plasmids

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14
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Single celled prokaryotes with no internal membranes (nuclei)

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15
Q

Some bacteria carry out conjugation. What is this?

A

Remporarycytoplasmicunion/cellular contact withexchangeofgeneticmaterial

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16
Q

Bacteria can be anaerobes or aerobes. What are these?

A

Absence of presence of oxygen during respiration

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17
Q

What do bacteria have in Common with plants?

A

Cell wall

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18
Q

Do bacteria have introns?

A

No (non ccoding regions of dna)

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19
Q

What are Archaea?

A

They are unicellular prokaryotes with no membrane bound organelles and live in harsh environments

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20
Q

What are extremophiles?

A

Organisms living in extreme environments

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21
Q

What are methanogens?

A

Extremophiles that obtain energy by producing methane from hydrogen

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22
Q

What are halophiles?

A

Extremophiles, that thrive in environments with high salt concentrations

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23
Q

What are thermophiles?

A

Extremophiles that thrive in high temperatures

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24
Q

What do some Archaea have in their genes that bacteria do not?

A

Introns

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25
Q

What are Eukarya?

A

All organisms have internal organelles

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26
Q

What is the difference between heterotophs and autotrophs?

A

Heterotrphs require complex carbon and nitrogen compounds for metabolic synthesis where as autotrophs require simple inorganic carbon and nitrogen compounds

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27
Q

What are protista?

A

Eukaryotic organismsthatareunicellular

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28
Q

Heterotrophs and Autotrophs are part of Protista. Give 2 examples of heterotrophs

A

Amoeba

Paramecium

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29
Q

2 examples of heterotrophic protists?

A

Amoeba

Paramecium

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30
Q

An example of autotrophic protist and how it functions?

A

Euglenas

Have a red eyespot to locate light and chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis

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31
Q

State how the 3 protista you know move

A

Amoeba - pseudopods
Paramecium - cilia
Euglenas - flagella

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32
Q

Protista such as algae carry out conjugation. What is this?

A

Primitive form of sexual reproduction where individuals exchange genetic material

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33
Q

Can protists cause diseases?

A

Yes

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34
Q

Can protists cause diseases?

A

Yes

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35
Q

All fungi are _ eukaryotes, but can be either _ or _

A

Heterotrophic

Mutlicelluar or unicellular

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36
Q

Fungi carry out _ digestion. This means that…

A

Extracellular digestion

Secrete hydrolytic enzymes outside the body, digest, absorb nutrient molecules into the body by diffusion

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37
Q

How are fungi vital in the ecosystem, similar to bacteria?

A

Decomposers

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38
Q

Fungi are _, obtain food from decaying matter/recyling.

Hint: not decomposers

A

Saprobes

39
Q

What are fungi cell walls made of?

A

Chitin

NOT cellulose

40
Q

How are lichens formed?

A

Certain fungi combine with algae in a mutualistic, symbiotic relationship

41
Q

Why are lichens pioneer organisms?

A

Can colonize a harsh, cold, rocky (barren) environment and photosynthesise there in and ecological succession

42
Q

3 ways in which fungi reproduce ASEXUALLY

A
  • budding in yeast
  • spores
  • fragmentation (parents breaks into parts)
43
Q

Plants are…

A

Multicellular, nonmotile, Autotrophic eukaryotes

44
Q

Plant cell walls are made of _

A

Cellulose

45
Q

Plants use 2 pigments _, and _ for photosynthesis and store carbohydrates as _

A

Chlorophyll a and b

Starch

46
Q

When plants reproduce sexually they alternate between generations. What does this mean?

A

Alternate between gametophyte (sexually-haploid) (dominant in angio and gymnosperms) and sporophyte (asexually-diplpid)(dominant in bryophytes) generations

Can be either determinate life cycle or due to environmental changes

47
Q

What are tracheophytes?

A

Having vascular tissue

48
Q

What are bryophytes?

A

No vascular tissue

49
Q

All animals are _, _, eukaryotes

A

Heterotrophic, multicellular

50
Q

Most animals reproduce sexually with a dominant diploid stage, and a _ fertilizes an _

A

Flagellated sperm->larger, nonmotile egg

51
Q

Important evolutionary trends in animals include:

A

Specialization of tissues, germ layers, body symmetry, development of a head end, and body cavity formation.

52
Q

A cells is:

A

The basic unit of life

53
Q

A tissue is:

A

A group of similar cells that perform one particular function

54
Q

An organ is:

A

A group of tissues that work together to perform related functions

55
Q

A loose federation of cells is not considered tissue because

A

Cells are not specialized

56
Q

As larger and more complex animals evolved, specialized cells joined to form…

A

Tissues, organs, organ systems

57
Q

What are germ layers and when do they form?

A

The main layers that form various tissues and organs of the body and they form in early embryonic development

58
Q

The ectoderm is known as the as the _ and becomes the 1,2 and 3

A

Outermost layer

Skin, nerve cord, brain

59
Q

The endoderm is known as the as the _ and becomes the 1

A

Innermost layer

Digestive system/gut

60
Q

The mesoderm is known as the as the _ and becomes the 1,2 and 3

A

Middle layer

Blood, muscles and bones

61
Q

What is mesoglea?

A

Middle glue in animals with only ecto and endo derms

62
Q

What is triploblastic?

A

Having all 3 germ layers in complex animals

63
Q

Sophisticated/triploblastic animals exhibit bilateral symmetry rather than radial. What does this mean?

A

The body is organized along a longitudinal axis with right and left sides that mirror eachother

64
Q

What is cephalization

A

Concentratingthesensory andneuralorgansin ananteriorhead

65
Q

How does location of digestive, excretory and reproductive structures at the posterior end help animals?

A

Enables them to move faster

66
Q

What is the coelom?

A

Fluid-filled body cavity that is completely surrounded by mesoderm tissue
(coelomates)

67
Q

Why does coelom represent significant advance in animal evolution?

A

Provides space for elaborate organ systems

68
Q

What are acoelomates?

A

Do not have a coelom and all cells are in direct contact with watery environment

69
Q

What are pseudocoelomates?

A

Have a fluid-filled tube (pseudocoelom)between the mesoderm and endoderm that acts as a hydrostatic skeleton to support the animal

70
Q

What is opposite for motile as in primitive organisms?

A

Sessile

71
Q

State 7 evolutionary features from primitive to complex

A 
Radial-bilateral symmetry 
No head-head with sensory apparatus 
Mesoglea hold 2 layers-mesoderm 3 layers 
Acoelomate-pseudo/coelomate
No tissues-yes 
Little specialization-much
Sessile-motile
72
Q

State the characteristics of phylum Porifera ie sponges.

symmetry, tissues for movement, absorption, layers, specialization, colonial and aggregate, asexual, sexually called

A

No symmetry
no nerves or muscles so are Sessile
filter nutrients from water drawn into central cavity
ecto and endoderm and mesoglea
specialized cells each carrying many functions but no tissues
evolved from colonial organisms so can reaggragate when separated
asexually by fragmentation
called hermaphrodites (both genders)

73
Q

State the characteristics of phylum Cnidarians ie hydra and jellyfish
(symmetry, body plans and motility, life cycle and stages, layers, digestion outside and inside, transport, sting cells and stingers)

A

Radial
Polyp, vase shaped, sessile OR Medusa, upside-down bowl shaped, motile
Planula larva (free-swimming) stage, then asexual (polyp) or sexual (medusa) reproductive stages
Ecto and endo connected by noncellular mesoglea
Gastrovascular cavity for extracellular, lysosome for intracellular digestion
No transport system because every cell is in direct contact with environment
Cells called cnidocytes, stingers called nematocysts

74
Q

State the characteristics of phylum Platyhelminthes ie flatworms/tape
(symmetry, head, layers, digestive cavity opening, nutrients/wastes in a solid body)

A

Bilateral, anterior end, 3 layers
1 opening for both inges/egestion so food cannot be continuously processed
No room for true systems so body is flat and thing that most cells in contact with environment and can exchange gas nutrients waste etc by diffusion

75
Q

State the characteristics of phylum nematodes ie roundworms

symmetry, segments, sensing, disease causing, used to study animal genes and embryonic development

A

Bilateral, unsegmented, little sensory apparatus
Many are parasitic
Very similar but simpler

76
Q

State the characteristics of phylum annelids ie earthworms

symmetry, sensing, digestive tract, brain and heart, excretion, gas exchange, reproduction

A

Bilateral, little sensory apparatus
Tube within a tube consisting crop, gizzard and intestine
Cerebral ganglia, and 5 pairs of aortic arches wrapped around
Nephredia
Diffusion though moist skin
Hermaphrodites

77
Q

State the characteristics of phylum mollusca ie squids, octopuses, slugs, clams, snails
(body and outer protection, circulatory system, symmetry and body zones, teeth, respiration and excretion)

A

Soft body, hard calcium shell
Open with blood filled spaces called hemocoels/sinuses (organs bathed in blood)
Bilateral : 1) head foot with sensory and motor organs, 2) visceral mass (digestive etc) 3) mantle specialised tissue surrounding visceral and secreting shell
Radula with teeth acting like a tongue
Gills, Nephredia (kidney)

78
Q

State the characteristics of phylum Arthropods ie insecta, crustaceans, arachnida
(appendages, segments, advantages of more sensory apparatus, exoskeleton material and advantages, circulatory system, excretion, respiration)

A

Jointed appendages
3- head, thorax, abdomen
Move faster more freely
Chitinous, protects and aids in movement
Open with tubular heart and hemocoels
Malphigian tubules for waste removal
Air ducts trachea bring air into hemocoels

79
Q

State the characteristics of phylum Echinoderms eg sea stars and urchins
(movement, symmetry, water vascular system, sexual and asexual repro, skeleton)

A

Sessile or slow
Bilateral in embryo, but revert to radial as adult to adapt to sedentary life
WVS creates hydrostatic support for the tube feet
Sexual with external fertilization, asexual with fragmentation or regeneration
Endoskel with calcium plates

  • Facts for thought*
  • Any piece of sea star that has part of the central canal will form a new sea star*
  • Exoskel is shed periodically*
80
Q

State the characteristics of phylum Chordates ie fish, amphi, rep, bird, mam
(notochord, nerves, tail+inhumans, warm/cold blooded)

A

Flexible axis through length of the body
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Tail aids in movement and balance. Coccyx bone in humans is a tail vestige
Warm is birds and mammals homeotherms (constant body temp) and endotherms, rest are cold, some endotherms and able to raise body temp

81
Q

Characteristics of mammals.

phylum, feeding young, hair/fur, internal temp, embryo,marsupials, eggs

A

Chordata
Mammary glands to nourish young
Hair fur for warmth
Endotherms (warm)
Placental / eutharian - embryo develops in uterus connected to mother by placenta for nutrient diffusion
Born early, and lay in mothers pouch and develop using milk from mammary glands
Monotremes lay eggs and derive nutrients from shelled egg

82
Q 
State the... For humans
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus 
Species
A 
Eukarya 
Animalia 
Chordata
Mammalia
Primate 
Hominid 
Homo 
sapiens
83
Q

What are primates?

A

Anymemberof thegroupofanimalsthatincludeshumanbeings,apes, andmonkeys

84
Q

How are primates adapted to do fine motor tasks?

A

Dexterous hands and opposable thumbs with sensitive nerve endings

85
Q

How do front facing eyes, set close together help primates?

A

Front- face to face communication

Close- overlap fields of vision, enhance depth perception and hand-ey coordination

86
Q

All living things evolved from _ (LUCA). And it’s why ___

A

Last universal common ancestor

Principles of biology apply to all organisms

87
Q

A cladogram aka?

A

Phylogenetic tree

88
Q

What is a cladogram?

A

Diagrammatic representation of evolutionary history, based on DNA sequences

89
Q

To build a cladogram its necessary to distinguish between 2 things. These are:

A

Shared traits - common between organisms

Derived traits - new characteristics, not shared with ancestors

90
Q

Cladogram relationships and evolution complexity depending on distance…

A

Organisms are more related to each other when closer on the cladogram. And are more advanced/primitive depending on the distance to the ancestor on the cladogram

91
Q

What is a polyp

A

acoelenterateoradiallysymmetrical invertebrate)thathastypicallyahollow cylindricalbodyclosedandattachedat one end andopening at theotherby acentralmouth surroundedbytentaclesarmed withnematocysts

92
Q

Which kingdom has the widest variety of eukaryotes?

A

Protista

93
Q

Which kingdom are heterotrophs and autotrophs with a dominant diploid stage?

A

H-animals

A-plants

94
Q

Parasite trichinella in uncooked pork causes:

A

Trichinosis

Biology Subject Test (SAT II) (10 decks)

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