Chapter Nine: Biological Diversity Flashcards
What is taxonomy?
The system by which we name and classify all organisms
What is the system of taxonomy known as as per having two-part names?
Binomial nomenclature
What is hierarchy of taxa?
Levels of organization
What are the many taxa ?
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What is a kingdom?
Most general, has most varied organisms
What is species?
Most specific, has most similar organisms
What USED to be the 6 kingdoms?
- Monera (prokaryotes)
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
- Archaebacteria (extremophiles, extreme environment but were unalike bacteria)
What are the 3 superkingdoms now consisting the 3 domain system?
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Eukarya
Why is monera no longer used?
Prokaryotes are spread across Archaea and bacteria
Why was the chnace to 3 domain system necessary?
Archaea needed their own group because they were so different from bacteria
State the vital role of bacteria in the ecosystem
Decomposes
How can bacteria be harmful?
Pathogens
What is the role of bacteria in genetic engineering?
Can reproduce hormones by inserting plasmids
What are bacteria?
Single celled prokaryotes with no internal membranes (nuclei)
Some bacteria carry out conjugation. What is this?
Remporarycytoplasmicunion/cellular contact withexchangeofgeneticmaterial
Bacteria can be anaerobes or aerobes. What are these?
Absence of presence of oxygen during respiration
What do bacteria have in Common with plants?
Cell wall
Do bacteria have introns?
No (non ccoding regions of dna)
What are Archaea?
They are unicellular prokaryotes with no membrane bound organelles and live in harsh environments
What are extremophiles?
Organisms living in extreme environments
What are methanogens?
Extremophiles that obtain energy by producing methane from hydrogen
What are halophiles?
Extremophiles, that thrive in environments with high salt concentrations
What are thermophiles?
Extremophiles that thrive in high temperatures
What do some Archaea have in their genes that bacteria do not?
Introns
What are Eukarya?
All organisms have internal organelles
What is the difference between heterotophs and autotrophs?
Heterotrphs require complex carbon and nitrogen compounds for metabolic synthesis where as autotrophs require simple inorganic carbon and nitrogen compounds
What are protista?
Eukaryotic organismsthatareunicellular
Heterotrophs and Autotrophs are part of Protista. Give 2 examples of heterotrophs
Amoeba
Paramecium
2 examples of heterotrophic protists?
Amoeba
Paramecium
An example of autotrophic protist and how it functions?
Euglenas
Have a red eyespot to locate light and chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis
State how the 3 protista you know move
Amoeba - pseudopods
Paramecium - cilia
Euglenas - flagella
Protista such as algae carry out conjugation. What is this?
Primitive form of sexual reproduction where individuals exchange genetic material
Can protists cause diseases?
Yes
Can protists cause diseases?
Yes
All fungi are _ eukaryotes, but can be either _ or _
Heterotrophic
Mutlicelluar or unicellular
Fungi carry out _ digestion. This means that…
Extracellular digestion
Secrete hydrolytic enzymes outside the body, digest, absorb nutrient molecules into the body by diffusion
How are fungi vital in the ecosystem, similar to bacteria?
Decomposers
Fungi are _, obtain food from decaying matter/recyling.
Hint: not decomposers
Saprobes
What are fungi cell walls made of?
Chitin
NOT cellulose
How are lichens formed?
Certain fungi combine with algae in a mutualistic, symbiotic relationship
Why are lichens pioneer organisms?
Can colonize a harsh, cold, rocky (barren) environment and photosynthesise there in and ecological succession
3 ways in which fungi reproduce ASEXUALLY
- budding in yeast
- spores
- fragmentation (parents breaks into parts)
Plants are…
Multicellular, nonmotile, Autotrophic eukaryotes
Plant cell walls are made of _
Cellulose
Plants use 2 pigments _, and _ for photosynthesis and store carbohydrates as _
Chlorophyll a and b
Starch
When plants reproduce sexually they alternate between generations. What does this mean?
Alternate between gametophyte (sexually-haploid) (dominant in angio and gymnosperms) and sporophyte (asexually-diplpid)(dominant in bryophytes) generations
Can be either determinate life cycle or due to environmental changes
What are tracheophytes?
Having vascular tissue
What are bryophytes?
No vascular tissue
All animals are _, _, eukaryotes
Heterotrophic, multicellular
Most animals reproduce sexually with a dominant diploid stage, and a _ fertilizes an _
Flagellated sperm->larger, nonmotile egg
Important evolutionary trends in animals include:
Specialization of tissues, germ layers, body symmetry, development of a head end, and body cavity formation.
A cells is:
The basic unit of life
A tissue is:
A group of similar cells that perform one particular function
An organ is:
A group of tissues that work together to perform related functions
A loose federation of cells is not considered tissue because
Cells are not specialized
As larger and more complex animals evolved, specialized cells joined to form…
Tissues, organs, organ systems
What are germ layers and when do they form?
The main layers that form various tissues and organs of the body and they form in early embryonic development
The ectoderm is known as the as the _ and becomes the 1,2 and 3
Outermost layer
Skin, nerve cord, brain
The endoderm is known as the as the _ and becomes the 1
Innermost layer
Digestive system/gut
The mesoderm is known as the as the _ and becomes the 1,2 and 3
Middle layer
Blood, muscles and bones
What is mesoglea?
Middle glue in animals with only ecto and endo derms
What is triploblastic?
Having all 3 germ layers in complex animals
Sophisticated/triploblastic animals exhibit bilateral symmetry rather than radial. What does this mean?
The body is organized along a longitudinal axis with right and left sides that mirror eachother
What is cephalization
Concentratingthesensory andneuralorgansin ananteriorhead
How does location of digestive, excretory and reproductive structures at the posterior end help animals?
Enables them to move faster
What is the coelom?
Fluid-filled body cavity that is completely surrounded by mesoderm tissue
(coelomates)
Why does coelom represent significant advance in animal evolution?
Provides space for elaborate organ systems
What are acoelomates?
Do not have a coelom and all cells are in direct contact with watery environment
What are pseudocoelomates?
Have a fluid-filled tube (pseudocoelom)between the mesoderm and endoderm that acts as a hydrostatic skeleton to support the animal
What is opposite for motile as in primitive organisms?
Sessile
State 7 evolutionary features from primitive to complex
Radial-bilateral symmetry No head-head with sensory apparatus Mesoglea hold 2 layers-mesoderm 3 layers Acoelomate-pseudo/coelomate No tissues-yes Little specialization-much Sessile-motile
State the characteristics of phylum Porifera ie sponges.
symmetry, tissues for movement, absorption, layers, specialization, colonial and aggregate, asexual, sexually called
No symmetry
no nerves or muscles so are Sessile
filter nutrients from water drawn into central cavity
ecto and endoderm and mesoglea
specialized cells each carrying many functions but no tissues
evolved from colonial organisms so can reaggragate when separated
asexually by fragmentation
called hermaphrodites (both genders)
State the characteristics of phylum Cnidarians ie hydra and jellyfish
(symmetry, body plans and motility, life cycle and stages, layers, digestion outside and inside, transport, sting cells and stingers)
Radial
Polyp, vase shaped, sessile OR Medusa, upside-down bowl shaped, motile
Planula larva (free-swimming) stage, then asexual (polyp) or sexual (medusa) reproductive stages
Ecto and endo connected by noncellular mesoglea
Gastrovascular cavity for extracellular, lysosome for intracellular digestion
No transport system because every cell is in direct contact with environment
Cells called cnidocytes, stingers called nematocysts
State the characteristics of phylum Platyhelminthes ie flatworms/tape
(symmetry, head, layers, digestive cavity opening, nutrients/wastes in a solid body)
Bilateral, anterior end, 3 layers
1 opening for both inges/egestion so food cannot be continuously processed
No room for true systems so body is flat and thing that most cells in contact with environment and can exchange gas nutrients waste etc by diffusion
State the characteristics of phylum nematodes ie roundworms
symmetry, segments, sensing, disease causing, used to study animal genes and embryonic development
Bilateral, unsegmented, little sensory apparatus
Many are parasitic
Very similar but simpler
State the characteristics of phylum annelids ie earthworms
symmetry, sensing, digestive tract, brain and heart, excretion, gas exchange, reproduction
Bilateral, little sensory apparatus
Tube within a tube consisting crop, gizzard and intestine
Cerebral ganglia, and 5 pairs of aortic arches wrapped around
Nephredia
Diffusion though moist skin
Hermaphrodites
State the characteristics of phylum mollusca ie squids, octopuses, slugs, clams, snails
(body and outer protection, circulatory system, symmetry and body zones, teeth, respiration and excretion)
Soft body, hard calcium shell
Open with blood filled spaces called hemocoels/sinuses (organs bathed in blood)
Bilateral : 1) head foot with sensory and motor organs, 2) visceral mass (digestive etc) 3) mantle specialised tissue surrounding visceral and secreting shell
Radula with teeth acting like a tongue
Gills, Nephredia (kidney)
State the characteristics of phylum Arthropods ie insecta, crustaceans, arachnida
(appendages, segments, advantages of more sensory apparatus, exoskeleton material and advantages, circulatory system, excretion, respiration)
Jointed appendages
3- head, thorax, abdomen
Move faster more freely
Chitinous, protects and aids in movement
Open with tubular heart and hemocoels
Malphigian tubules for waste removal
Air ducts trachea bring air into hemocoels
State the characteristics of phylum Echinoderms eg sea stars and urchins
(movement, symmetry, water vascular system, sexual and asexual repro, skeleton)
Sessile or slow
Bilateral in embryo, but revert to radial as adult to adapt to sedentary life
WVS creates hydrostatic support for the tube feet
Sexual with external fertilization, asexual with fragmentation or regeneration
Endoskel with calcium plates
- Facts for thought*
- Any piece of sea star that has part of the central canal will form a new sea star*
- Exoskel is shed periodically*
State the characteristics of phylum Chordates ie fish, amphi, rep, bird, mam
(notochord, nerves, tail+inhumans, warm/cold blooded)
Flexible axis through length of the body
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Tail aids in movement and balance. Coccyx bone in humans is a tail vestige
Warm is birds and mammals homeotherms (constant body temp) and endotherms, rest are cold, some endotherms and able to raise body temp
Characteristics of mammals.
phylum, feeding young, hair/fur, internal temp, embryo,marsupials, eggs
Chordata
Mammary glands to nourish young
Hair fur for warmth
Endotherms (warm)
Placental / eutharian - embryo develops in uterus connected to mother by placenta for nutrient diffusion
Born early, and lay in mothers pouch and develop using milk from mammary glands
Monotremes lay eggs and derive nutrients from shelled egg
State the... For humans Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominid Homo sapiens
What are primates?
Anymemberof thegroupofanimalsthatincludeshumanbeings,apes, andmonkeys
How are primates adapted to do fine motor tasks?
Dexterous hands and opposable thumbs with sensitive nerve endings
How do front facing eyes, set close together help primates?
Front- face to face communication
Close- overlap fields of vision, enhance depth perception and hand-ey coordination
All living things evolved from _ (LUCA). And it’s why ___
Last universal common ancestor
Principles of biology apply to all organisms
A cladogram aka?
Phylogenetic tree
What is a cladogram?
Diagrammatic representation of evolutionary history, based on DNA sequences
To build a cladogram its necessary to distinguish between 2 things. These are:
Shared traits - common between organisms
Derived traits - new characteristics, not shared with ancestors
Cladogram relationships and evolution complexity depending on distance…
Organisms are more related to each other when closer on the cladogram. And are more advanced/primitive depending on the distance to the ancestor on the cladogram
What is a polyp
acoelenterateoradiallysymmetrical invertebrate)thathastypicallyahollow cylindricalbodyclosedandattachedat one end andopening at theotherby acentralmouth surroundedbytentaclesarmed withnematocysts
Which kingdom has the widest variety of eukaryotes?
Protista
Which kingdom are heterotrophs and autotrophs with a dominant diploid stage?
H-animals
A-plants
Parasite trichinella in uncooked pork causes:
Trichinosis
