Chapter Two Lec Flashcards
What is an atom?
An atom is the smallest part of an element that can display the characteristics of that element, and can enter into a ordinary chemical reaction.
What is an ion?
When an atom looses or accepts one or more electrons.
What is the difference between a cat ion and anion?
If the ion is positively charged it is a cat ion.
If the ion is negatively charged it is anion.
What is an atomic number?
The number of protons in the nucleus.
What is a mass number?
Number of protons + neutrons.
How do you calculate the atomic weight?
Average mass number of all the isotopes of an element.
What is an isotope?
Different number of neutrons in different atoms of the same element.
How does a cat ion become a cat ion?
It gives away an electron.
How does a anion because a anion?
It gains an electron.
Which two elements can have a maximum of 2 electrons in their valance shells?
Hydrogen and Helium.
What is the maximum amount of electrons for the atoms first energy shell?
Two
What is the most amount of electrons an atoms energy shell can hold?
Eight.
What does valent refer to in a covalent bond?
The valance shell.
In a covalent bond electrons are?
Shared
What is a non polar covalent bond?
Electrons are shared equally in the bond.
Example: Hydrogen
Anytime you have atoms of the same element form a covalent bond it will always be non polar covalent bond.
What is a polar covalent bond?
1.Electrons are shared unequally between the atoms.
2.They are strong.
Example: Water H2O
What is a hydrogen bond?
- Do not form new substances.
- Weak, but with a lot there is strength.
- Form between hydrogen and oxygen or hydrogen and nitrogen.
What is a hydrogen bond?
- Do not form new substances.
- Weak, but with a lot there is strength.
- Form bonds between hydrogen and oxygen or hydrogen and nitrogen.
What type of bond is this C=C?
Double covalent.
What type of bond is this H——O?
Hydrogen Bond
What type of bond is this H——O?
Hydrogen Bond
What is the function of hydrogen bonds?
Holds molecules together, and holds the shape together. , or holding DNA together.
What are molecule?
When atoms join to form structures held together by covalent bonds.
Changing the shape of the molecule does what?
Changes its function.
If you had an atom with 11 protons and 12 neutrons, is that more likely to become a cation or an anion?
It would more than likely become a cation, because it is easier to give away one electron then gain some.
Every time we build a chemical bond what does it take to hold it together?
Energy, and that energy is stored.
Every time we break a chemical bond what happens?
Energy is released.
What is the energy currency molecule?
ATP
Energy within a cell needs to be released in ________ quanities?
small
What is the most readily available energy source for a cell?
Glucose
~ means?
Hi energy bond.
When a phosphate is added to it is called?
Phosphorylation.
When ATP releases phosphate and energy it is called?
Hydrolysis.
ADP+(p+e)=
ATP
ATP-(p+e)=
ADP
The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body is called?
Metabolism.
Anabolism
Smaller substances from larger substances.
Catabolism
Larger substance breakdown to smaller substances.
If an action is storing energy was is it called?
Endergonic
If an action release energy it is?
Exergonic.
An anabolic reaction _______ energy?
Stores (endergonic)
An catabolic reaction_______ energy?
Releases (exergonic)
Is this reaction anabolic or catabolic?
c6h12o6—->c12h22o11+h2o
Anabolic and endergonic
What are the factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions?
Reactants ability to react
Concentration of reaction
Temperature
Catalysts
What determines molecular reactions?
random molecular movement.
What determines the rate of a molecular reaction?
Concentration of the reactants, and the PH!
What is the medium in which most chemical reactions occur in the body?
Water
What is a catalyst?
Substance that speeds up a chemicals without being change in the reaction.
What is the catalyst in living systems?
Enzymes.
Enzymes=
Catalyst
What are enzymes?
Catalysts that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed in the reaction itself.
Why is water so important to life?
The polarity of water and its hydrogen bonding capacity.
- Helps stabilize body temperature due to hydrogen bonding.
- Water is liquid at our body temperature because of its ability to hold heat so well due to hydrogen bonding.
- Protection: lubrication, cushioning.
- Water molecules are cohesive because of hydrogen bonding.
- Water is the universal solvent for life due to the polarity of the water molecule.
Synthesis reactions are reactions that get?
Bigger
Decomposition reactions are reactions that get?
Smaller
Dehydration synthesis reactions take out what?
the water (h2o)
Hydrolysis synthesis reactions put in what?
water.
What do most the fluids in the most tend to hover around?
neutral.
Where do we want from electrolytes?
Ions.
Blood ph in humans can only go up to?
7.8
What is a buffer?
A substance that resists rapid changes in ph.
If the body isn’t able to release CO2, what would happen to the blood?
It would become more acidic.
If a ph is rising in blood what is it called?
Alkalosis
If ph goes down in blood what is it called?
Acidosis.
Sally blood ph begins to rise is this alkalosis or acidosis?
What would the body use to bring it down?
Alkalosis.
A buffer system.
Ionic compounds consisting of a cation except what?
H+ and anion except OH-
What do salts undergo in an aqueous solution?
Complete dissociation.
Then functionality of salts in the body is largely based on the properties of the?
Dissociated ions.
Na+ is essential to what?
Nerve impulses.
Calcium ions are essential to what?
Muscle contractions.
What is organic chemistry?
The study of things contain carbon.
*Not all things containing carbon are organic.
A carbon is found in a substance what are the two bonds you can expect to see?
c-c
c-h
Life has used carbon for its base molecule because?
Carbon chains are able to continue for long amounts of time.
If you don’t see one c-c or c-h bond then you can deduce that the molecule is?
inorganic.
What isomers?
Molecules with the same chemical formula but a different chemical structure.
What is a monomer?
An amino acid.
What do we use carbohydrates for?
Energy use, and energy storage.
What is a polymer?
A chain of monomers.
What are general characteristics of carbohydrates?
Energy use, and energy storage.
What are single, and simple sugars that have between 3-7 carbons?
Monosaccharides.
Fructose + Glucose-> Sucrose
What type of reaction is this?
Is it ender or exer?
Anabolic.
Ender.
What are disaccharides?
Sucrose.
What are polysaccharides?
Starch-> created by dehydration synthesis.
Many monosaccharides together.
What is referred to as “animal starch”?
Glycogen.
What do lipids include?
Fats, oils, eicosanoids, steroids, glycolipids, and phospholipids.
Fatty acids determine the chemical characteristics of what?
All glycerides.
Saturated fats are_____ and have ______ bonds?
What origin are they from?
solid, single
Animal
Unsaturated fats are______ and have _____ bonds?
What origin are they from?
liquid, double
Plants.
What are the functions of triglycerides
Energy, Insulation, Protection.
What are the most abundant molecule in the plasma membrane of living cells?
Phospholipids.
The most abundant molecule in the body that is inorganic?
Water
What holds amino acids together?
Peptide bonds.
What plays a role in the shape of a protein?
Hydrogen
How many amino acids are in polypeptides?
2 to 99
How many amino acids are in proteins?
Over 100.
What are some functions of proteins in the body?
- They regulate and are catalysts.
- Structure and protection
- Plays an important role in the plasma membranes of cells permeability.
- Transports things.
- Receptors
- Muscle contraction
What is the is the site called with the substrate binds to the enzyme?
Active site.
If something other then the substrate binds to the active site what it is called?
Competitive inhibition.
Substrates bind with what?
The enzyme.
What is it called when a molecule binds with the allosteric site?
Noncompetitive inhibition.
Define matter.
Anything that has mass and occupies space.
Define mass.
The amount of matter in an object.
Define weight.
Gravitational pull.
The study of matter and the changes it under goes it?
Chemistry.
What is energy?
The ability to do work.
What are the two basic laws to thermodynamics?
- Energy can neither be created or destroyed, it can be changed from one kind to another.
- Any energy reaction will lose heat.
Is matter randomly structured?
No
Elements are pure substances.
True or false?
True
Chemical compounds are pure substances.
True or false?
FALSE.
Which 6 elements make up 98% of the body?
Main 4:Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen.
Additional 2: Phosphorus, Calcium
Each element is composed of fundamental structures called?
Atoms.
The symbol H stands for?
Hydrogen.
The symbol C stands for?
Carbon.
The symbol N stands for?
Nitrogen.
The symbol O stands for?
Oxygen.
The symbol Na stands for?
Sodium.
The symbol P stands for?
Phosphorus.
The symbol S stands for?
Sulfer.
The symbol Cl stands for?
Chlorine.
The symbol K stands for?
Potassium.
The symbol Ca stands for?
Calcium.
The symbol Fe stands for?
Iron.
The symbol I stands for?
Iodine.
What is an atom?
It is the smallest particle of that element that can display the characteristics of that element, and enter into an ordinary chemical reaction.
What are atoms composed of?
Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons.
NA is an ______ and Na+ is an ______?
Atom, Ion
What determines the identity of atoms of different elements?
The number of protons the atom has also known as the atomic number.
All atoms of the SAME element have the same number of protons in their nuclei.
True or False?
True.
Which two elements can have a maximum of 2 electrons in their valence shells?
Hydrogen and helium
