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Biology 210 > Chapter Two Lec > Flashcards

Chapter Two Lec Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an atom?

A

An atom is the smallest part of an element that can display the characteristics of that element, and can enter into a ordinary chemical reaction.

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2
Q

What is an ion?

A

When an atom looses or accepts one or more electrons.

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3
Q

What is the difference between a cat ion and anion?

A

If the ion is positively charged it is a cat ion.

If the ion is negatively charged it is anion.

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4
Q

What is an atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus.

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5
Q

What is a mass number?

A

Number of protons + neutrons.

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6
Q

How do you calculate the atomic weight?

A

Average mass number of all the isotopes of an element.

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7
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Different number of neutrons in different atoms of the same element.

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8
Q

How does a cat ion become a cat ion?

A

It gives away an electron.

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9
Q

How does a anion because a anion?

A

It gains an electron.

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10
Q

Which two elements can have a maximum of 2 electrons in their valance shells?

A

Hydrogen and Helium.

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11
Q

What is the maximum amount of electrons for the atoms first energy shell?

A

Two

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12
Q

What is the most amount of electrons an atoms energy shell can hold?

A

Eight.

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13
Q

What does valent refer to in a covalent bond?

A

The valance shell.

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14
Q

In a covalent bond electrons are?

A

Shared

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15
Q

What is a non polar covalent bond?

A

Electrons are shared equally in the bond.
Example: Hydrogen
Anytime you have atoms of the same element form a covalent bond it will always be non polar covalent bond.

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16
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

1.Electrons are shared unequally between the atoms.
2.They are strong.
Example: Water H2O

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17
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A
  1. Do not form new substances.
  2. Weak, but with a lot there is strength.
  3. Form between hydrogen and oxygen or hydrogen and nitrogen.
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18
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A
  1. Do not form new substances.
  2. Weak, but with a lot there is strength.
  3. Form bonds between hydrogen and oxygen or hydrogen and nitrogen.
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19
Q

What type of bond is this C=C?

A

Double covalent.

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20
Q

What type of bond is this H——O?

A

Hydrogen Bond

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21
Q

What type of bond is this H——O?

A

Hydrogen Bond

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22
Q

What is the function of hydrogen bonds?

A

Holds molecules together, and holds the shape together. , or holding DNA together.

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23
Q

What are molecule?

A

When atoms join to form structures held together by covalent bonds.

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24
Q

Changing the shape of the molecule does what?

A

Changes its function.

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25
Q

If you had an atom with 11 protons and 12 neutrons, is that more likely to become a cation or an anion?

A

It would more than likely become a cation, because it is easier to give away one electron then gain some.

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26
Q

Every time we build a chemical bond what does it take to hold it together?

A

Energy, and that energy is stored.

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27
Q

Every time we break a chemical bond what happens?

A

Energy is released.

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28
Q

What is the energy currency molecule?

A

ATP

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29
Q

Energy within a cell needs to be released in ________ quanities?

A

small

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30
Q

What is the most readily available energy source for a cell?

A

Glucose

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31
Q

~ means?

A

Hi energy bond.

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32
Q

When a phosphate is added to it is called?

A

Phosphorylation.

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33
Q

When ATP releases phosphate and energy it is called?

A

Hydrolysis.

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34
Q

ADP+(p+e)=

A

ATP

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35
Q

ATP-(p+e)=

A

ADP

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36
Q

The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body is called?

A

Metabolism.

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37
Q

Anabolism

A

Smaller substances from larger substances.

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38
Q

Catabolism

A

Larger substance breakdown to smaller substances.

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39
Q

If an action is storing energy was is it called?

A

Endergonic

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40
Q

If an action release energy it is?

A

Exergonic.

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41
Q

An anabolic reaction _______ energy?

A

Stores (endergonic)

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42
Q

An catabolic reaction_______ energy?

A

Releases (exergonic)

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43
Q

Is this reaction anabolic or catabolic?

c6h12o6—->c12h22o11+h2o

A

Anabolic and endergonic

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44
Q

What are the factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions?

A

Reactants ability to react
Concentration of reaction
Temperature
Catalysts

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45
Q

What determines molecular reactions?

A

random molecular movement.

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46
Q

What determines the rate of a molecular reaction?

A

Concentration of the reactants, and the PH!

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47
Q

What is the medium in which most chemical reactions occur in the body?

A

Water

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48
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Substance that speeds up a chemicals without being change in the reaction.

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49
Q

What is the catalyst in living systems?

A

Enzymes.

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50
Q

Enzymes=

A

Catalyst

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51
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed in the reaction itself.

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52
Q

Why is water so important to life?

A

The polarity of water and its hydrogen bonding capacity.

  • Helps stabilize body temperature due to hydrogen bonding.
  • Water is liquid at our body temperature because of its ability to hold heat so well due to hydrogen bonding.
  • Protection: lubrication, cushioning.
  • Water molecules are cohesive because of hydrogen bonding.
  • Water is the universal solvent for life due to the polarity of the water molecule.
53
Q

Synthesis reactions are reactions that get?

A

Bigger

54
Q

Decomposition reactions are reactions that get?

A

Smaller

55
Q

Dehydration synthesis reactions take out what?

A

the water (h2o)

56
Q

Hydrolysis synthesis reactions put in what?

A

water.

57
Q

What do most the fluids in the most tend to hover around?

A

neutral.

58
Q

Where do we want from electrolytes?

A

Ions.

59
Q

Blood ph in humans can only go up to?

A

7.8

60
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that resists rapid changes in ph.

61
Q

If the body isn’t able to release CO2, what would happen to the blood?

A

It would become more acidic.

62
Q

If a ph is rising in blood what is it called?

A

Alkalosis

63
Q

If ph goes down in blood what is it called?

A

Acidosis.

64
Q

Sally blood ph begins to rise is this alkalosis or acidosis?

What would the body use to bring it down?

A

Alkalosis.

A buffer system.

65
Q

Ionic compounds consisting of a cation except what?

A

H+ and anion except OH-

66
Q

What do salts undergo in an aqueous solution?

A

Complete dissociation.

67
Q

Then functionality of salts in the body is largely based on the properties of the?

A

Dissociated ions.

68
Q

Na+ is essential to what?

A

Nerve impulses.

69
Q

Calcium ions are essential to what?

A

Muscle contractions.

70
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The study of things contain carbon.

*Not all things containing carbon are organic.

71
Q

A carbon is found in a substance what are the two bonds you can expect to see?

A

c-c

c-h

72
Q

Life has used carbon for its base molecule because?

A

Carbon chains are able to continue for long amounts of time.

73
Q

If you don’t see one c-c or c-h bond then you can deduce that the molecule is?

A

inorganic.

74
Q

What isomers?

A

Molecules with the same chemical formula but a different chemical structure.

75
Q

What is a monomer?

A

An amino acid.

76
Q

What do we use carbohydrates for?

A

Energy use, and energy storage.

77
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A chain of monomers.

78
Q

What are general characteristics of carbohydrates?

A

Energy use, and energy storage.

79
Q

What are single, and simple sugars that have between 3-7 carbons?

A

Monosaccharides.

80
Q

Fructose + Glucose-> Sucrose
What type of reaction is this?
Is it ender or exer?

A

Anabolic.

Ender.

81
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Sucrose.

82
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Starch-> created by dehydration synthesis.

Many monosaccharides together.

83
Q

What is referred to as “animal starch”?

A

Glycogen.

84
Q

What do lipids include?

A

Fats, oils, eicosanoids, steroids, glycolipids, and phospholipids.

85
Q

Fatty acids determine the chemical characteristics of what?

A

All glycerides.

86
Q

Saturated fats are_____ and have ______ bonds?

What origin are they from?

A

solid, single

Animal

87
Q

Unsaturated fats are______ and have _____ bonds?

What origin are they from?

A

liquid, double

Plants.

88
Q

What are the functions of triglycerides

A

Energy, Insulation, Protection.

89
Q

What are the most abundant molecule in the plasma membrane of living cells?

A

Phospholipids.

90
Q

The most abundant molecule in the body that is inorganic?

A

Water

91
Q

What holds amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds.

92
Q

What plays a role in the shape of a protein?

A

Hydrogen

93
Q

How many amino acids are in polypeptides?

A

2 to 99

94
Q

How many amino acids are in proteins?

A

Over 100.

95
Q

What are some functions of proteins in the body?

A
  • They regulate and are catalysts.
  • Structure and protection
  • Plays an important role in the plasma membranes of cells permeability.
  • Transports things.
  • Receptors
  • Muscle contraction
96
Q

What is the is the site called with the substrate binds to the enzyme?

A

Active site.

97
Q

If something other then the substrate binds to the active site what it is called?

A

Competitive inhibition.

98
Q

Substrates bind with what?

A

The enzyme.

99
Q

What is it called when a molecule binds with the allosteric site?

A

Noncompetitive inhibition.

100
Q

Define matter.

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

101
Q

Define mass.

A

The amount of matter in an object.

102
Q

Define weight.

A

Gravitational pull.

103
Q

The study of matter and the changes it under goes it?

A

Chemistry.

104
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work.

105
Q

What are the two basic laws to thermodynamics?

A
  1. Energy can neither be created or destroyed, it can be changed from one kind to another.
  2. Any energy reaction will lose heat.
106
Q

Is matter randomly structured?

A

No

107
Q

Elements are pure substances.

True or false?

A

True

108
Q

Chemical compounds are pure substances.

True or false?

A

FALSE.

109
Q

Which 6 elements make up 98% of the body?

A

Main 4:Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen.

Additional 2: Phosphorus, Calcium

110
Q

Each element is composed of fundamental structures called?

A

Atoms.

111
Q

The symbol H stands for?

A

Hydrogen.

112
Q

The symbol C stands for?

A

Carbon.

113
Q

The symbol N stands for?

A

Nitrogen.

114
Q

The symbol O stands for?

A

Oxygen.

115
Q

The symbol Na stands for?

A

Sodium.

116
Q

The symbol P stands for?

A

Phosphorus.

117
Q

The symbol S stands for?

A

Sulfer.

118
Q

The symbol Cl stands for?

A

Chlorine.

119
Q

The symbol K stands for?

A

Potassium.

120
Q

The symbol Ca stands for?

A

Calcium.

121
Q

The symbol Fe stands for?

A

Iron.

122
Q

The symbol I stands for?

A

Iodine.

123
Q

What is an atom?

A

It is the smallest particle of that element that can display the characteristics of that element, and enter into an ordinary chemical reaction.

124
Q

What are atoms composed of?

A

Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons.

125
Q

NA is an ______ and Na+ is an ______?

A

Atom, Ion

126
Q

What determines the identity of atoms of different elements?

A

The number of protons the atom has also known as the atomic number.

127
Q

All atoms of the SAME element have the same number of protons in their nuclei.
True or False?

A

True.

128
Q

Which two elements can have a maximum of 2 electrons in their valence shells?

A

Hydrogen and helium

Biology 210 (11 decks)

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