Chapter Two Bold Definitions. Flashcards
What is matter?
Anything that occupies space.
All living and nonliving things are composed of what?
Matter
What is the amount of matter in a object called?
Mass
______ is the gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass.
Weight.
The international unit for mass is the _______?
Kilogram
What is a gram?
An object with 1/1000 the mass of the standard kilogram cylinder.
An _______ is the simplest type of matter with unique chemical and physical properties.
Element
What is an atom?
The smallest particle of an element that has the charateristics of that element.
What are the three major types of subatomic particles?
Neutrons, protons, and electrons.
A _______ has no electric charge?
Neutron
A _______ has a positive charge?
Protron
A _______ has a negative charge?
Electron
Protons and neutrons form the _____ at the center of an atom?
Nucleus
The region where electrons are most likely to be found can be represented by an _______?
Electron cloud or electron shell.
What is an atomic number of an element?
It is the number of protons in each atom. (It is also the number of electrons, because the number or protons is the same number of electrons)
What is the mass number of an element?
It is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom.
What is an isotope?
Two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. (Therefore, isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers)
________ occurs when the outermost electrons are transferred or shared between atoms.
Chemical bonding.
What are the two types of chemical bonding?
Ionic and Covalent
If an atoms loses or gains an electrons, the numbers of protons and electrons are no longer equal, and a charged particle called a ___ is formed.
Ion
What are cations?
Positively charged ions.
What are anions?
Negatively charged ions.
Because oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other, cations tend to remain close to anions, which is called?
Ionic bonding.
What is covalent bonding?
When atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
What is the result of covalent bonding?
A molecule.
A _______________ results when two atoms share a pair of electrons. (Example H-H)
Single Covalent Bond
What is a double covalent bond? (H=H)
When two atoms share two pairs of electrons.
A ______________ occurs when electrons are shared equally between two atoms.
Nonpolar covalent bond.
A _______________ results when electrons are shared unequally between atoms.
Polar covalent bond.
What are polar molecules?
Molecules with an asymmetrical electron charge.
What are nonpolar molecules?
Molecules with a symmetrical charge.
A ______________ is formed when the positive, hydrogen “end” of one polar molecule is weakly attracted to the negative “end” of another polar molecule.
Hydrogen bond.
What is a compound?
A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms that are chemically combined.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions _______, or separate, from each other because the positively charged ions are attracted to the negative ends of the water molecules, and the negatively charged ions are attracted to the positive ends of the water molecules.
Dissociate
What is a chemical reaction?
When the relationship between atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds is changed by forming or breaking chemical bonds.
What are reactants?
Substances that enter into a chemical reaction by forming or breaking chemical bonds.
What are products?
Substances that result from chemical reactions.
A _________ occurs when two of more reactants combine to form a larger, more complex product.
Synthesis reaction
Synthesis reactions in which water is a product (water out) is called?
Dehydration reactions.
A _________ occurs when reactants are broken down into smaller, less complex products.
Decomposition reaction.
When water has to be split into two parts and each part is contributed to one of the new molecules in a reaction what is it called?
Hydrolysis reactions.
All of the synthesis and decomposition reactions in the body are collectively defined as?
Metabolism.
What is a reversible reaction?
A chemical reaction in which the reaction can proceed from reactants to products and from products to reactants.
When the rate of product formation is equal to the rate of reactant formation, the reaction is said to be at __________.
Equilibrium.
What is energy?
The capacity to do work.
Define work.
To move matter.
_________ is stored energy that could do work, but is doing nothing.
Potential energy.
_________ is energy caused by the movement of an object and is the form of energy that actually does work.
Kinetic energy.
_________ is energy resulting from the position of movement of objects.
Mechanical energy.
_________ of a substance is a form of stored energy that results from the relative positions and interactions among its charged subatomic particles.
Chemical energy.
____ is an important molecule involved with the transfer of energy in cells.
ATP
Potential energy is stored in the covalent bond between the second and third phosphates in ATP when ATP is synthesized from _____ and phosphate group.
ADP
What is a catalyst?
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, without itself being permanently changed or depleted.
What is an enzyme?
A protein molecule that acts as a catalyst.
An ____ is a proton donor.
Acid
A ___ is a proton acceptor.
Base
The ______, which ranges from 0-14, indicates the H+ concentration of a solution.
pH scale
A ______________ has an equal number of H+ and OH- and has oH of 7.0 .
Neutral solution.
An ______________ has a pH less than 7.0 and has a greater concentration of H+ and OH-.
Acidic solution.
An __________ has a pH greater than 7.0 and has fewer H+ than OH-.
Base solution.
What results if the blood pH drops below 7.35?
Acidosis.
What results if the blood pH drops below 7.45?
Alkalosis.
______ is a compound consisting of a positive ion other than a H+ and a negative ion other than a OH-.
Salt.
______ is a chemical that resists change is pH when either an acid or a base is added to a solution containing it.
A buffer
What deals with substances that do not contain carbon?
Inorganic chemistry.
What consists of one carbon atom bound to two oxygen atoms?
Carbon dioxide.
__________ is a inorganic compound that consists of one atom of oxygen joined by a polar covalent bonds to two atoms of hydrogen?
Water.
What are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?
Carbohydrates.
What are the smallest carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides.
What are formed when two monosaccharides join?
Disaccharides.
What consists of many monosaccharides bound in long chains
Polysaccharides.
_____ are substances that dissolve in nonpolar solvents, such as alcohol or acetone, but not in polar solvents such as water.
Lipids
What are important energy-storage molecules?
Fats
What are the building blocks for fats?
Glycerol and fatty acids
What is a glycerol?
A three-carbon molecule with a hydroxyl group (-oh) attached to each carbon atom.
What do fatty acids consist of?
A carbon chain with a carboxyl group attached at one end.
What does a carboxyl group consist of?
An oxygen atom and a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom.
_________ have one fatty acid.
Monoglycerides.
_________ have two fatty acids?
Diglycerides
_________ have three fatty acids bound to glycerol.
Triglycerides.
_________ constitue 95% of the fats in the human body.
Triglycerides.
The carbon chain is ____________ if it has one or more double covalent bonds.
Unsaturated
_________ fats, such as olive and peanut oils, have one double covalent bond between carbon atoms.
Monounsaturated
_________ fats, such as safflower, sunflower, corn, or fish oils, have two or more double covalent
Polyunsaturated
