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Biology 210 > Chapter One Lec > Flashcards

Chapter One Lec Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the study of the structure of the body, and the structural relationship between its parts?

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

What is the study of the function of the body, and the functional relationship between its parts?

A

Physiology

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3
Q

What is the body’s ability to maintain a relatively constant physiological balance in the face of constant internal and external change?

A

Homeostasis

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4
Q

What is the study of living things?

A

Biology

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5
Q

List five common characteristics of all living organisms.

A

Reproduction, Responsiveness, Adaptability, Growth and Development, Movement and Locomotion.

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6
Q

What is the difference or macroscopic (gross) anatomy and microscopic anatomy?

A

Macroscopic you can see with the naked eye, and microscopic are things you cannot see with the naked eye.

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7
Q

What are the basic physiological concept that govern homeostasis?

A

CIM-H-CEM: 1. Communication between cells. 2. Integration of function. 3. Movement across cell membranes. 4. Compartmentalization. 5. Energy flow and use. 6. Mass balance and mass flow.

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8
Q

What are the anatomical specialties?

A

Macroscopic anatomy, Microscopic anatomy.

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9
Q

What is classified under macroscopic anatomy?

A

Regional anatomy, Systemic anatomy, Organ anatomy, Clinical or Pathological anatomy, Surface anatomy.

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10
Q

What is classified under microscopic anatomy?

A

Cytology, Histology.

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11
Q

What are the physiological specialties?

A

Systemic physiology, Organ physiology, Clinical or Pathological physiology, Regional physiology, Cellular physiology.

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12
Q

What are the levels of organization of the human body?

A

chemical, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

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13
Q

What does the chemical level consist of?

A

Atoms, Molecules, etc.

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14
Q

Whats is an organelle?

A

A permanent and important structure/function within a cell.

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15
Q

What is a cell?

A

A fundamental unit of life.

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16
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of specialized cells working together.

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17
Q

What is an organ?

A

Two or more different tissues working together.

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18
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Two or more organs working together to perform a complex function.

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19
Q

What is an organism?

A

All 11 systems put together.

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20
Q

What is the foundation for all physiology?

A

Homeostasis.

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21
Q

A variable is always subject to?

A

change.

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22
Q

What is a set point?

A

A value that is considered ideal.

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23
Q

What is a normal range?

A

The range around the set point that is allowable.

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24
Q

What does external environment mean?

A

Outside the organism.

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25
Q

What does internal environment mean? or ECF?

A

In multicellular organisms, it is inside the organism, but outside the cells, the extracellular environment.

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26
Q

What does intracellular environment mean? or ICF?

A

Inside the cell.

27
Q

Which to systems primarily controls homeostatic regulation?

A

Nervous system, and Endocrine system.

28
Q

What are some characteristics of the nervous system?

A

Action potentials, its fast, and effects are over rapidly.

29
Q

What are some characteristics of the endocrine system?

A

Hormones, its slow, and effects last longer.

30
Q

What are the three components of all homeostatic regulatory mechanisms?

A

Receptor, Control center, Effector.

31
Q

What must the receptor receive?

A

A stimulus.

32
Q

What pathway does the receptor take to the control center?

A

The afferent.

33
Q

What does the control center do?

A

Receives information from receptor, integrates this info, and sends a response (if needed).

34
Q

What pathway does the control center take to the effector?

A

The efferent.

35
Q

What is the effector?

A

The structure that responds to decision from the control center.

36
Q

What are typically effectors?

A

Muscles or glands.

37
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Is an attempt to negate or reverse the effects of the stimulus.

38
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

It in the response to increase or intensify the effects of the stimulus.

39
Q

What is the brachium?

A

arm (elbow to shoulder)

40
Q

What is the brachialis?

A

muscle in the brachium region.

41
Q

What are the two “true” body cavities?

A

Ventral and Dorsal.

42
Q

What are the true body cavities that belong to the dorsal body cavity?

A

Cranial and Spinal.

43
Q

What are the true body cavities that belong to the ventral body cavity?

A

Thoracic cavity, and the Abdominopelvic.

44
Q

What cavities are in the Thoracic cavity?

A

Right Pleural Cavity, Mediastinum, Left Pleural Cavity, Pericardial Cavity.

45
Q

What is in the Abdominpelvic Cavity?

A

Abdominal, and Pelvic.

46
Q

When do true body cavities appear?

A

During embryonic development.

47
Q

What does the ventral body cavity provide?

A

Protection, allows organ movement; lining prevents friction.

48
Q

What is the thoracic cavity surrounded by?

A

Chest wall and diaphragm.

49
Q

What does the right pleural cavity surround?

A

The right lung.

50
Q

What does the mediastinum contain?

A

The trachea, esophagus, and major vessels.

51
Q

What does the left pleural cavity surround?

A

The left lung.

52
Q

What does the pericardial cavity surround?

A

The heart.

53
Q

What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?

A

The peritoneal cavity.

54
Q

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

A

Many digestive glands and organs.

55
Q

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

A

The urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion for the digestive tract.

56
Q

What functions do the true body cavities provide?

A

compartmentalization and organ protection.

57
Q

What are some serous membranes of the ventral cavity?

A

Thoracic: Visceral pericardium, Partietal pericardium, Visceral pleural membrane, Parietal pleural membrane. Abdonminopelvic: Visceral peritoneum, Parietal peritoneum.

58
Q

What is the flow chart for homeostasis?

A

Communication>Regulation>Homeostasis>Good Health

59
Q

Why are true body cavities considered true body cavities?

A

They have no opening to the outside.

60
Q

What are mesenteries?

A

They are a type of serious membrane. This one holds the organs in place to the body wall.

61
Q

What are the serious membranes in the ventral cavity?

A

Thoracic Cavity:
Visceral pericardium, Parietal pericardium.
Visceral pleural membrane, Parietal pleural membrane.
Abdominalplevic Cavity:
Visceral peritoneum, Parietal peritoneum.

62
Q

What are the functions of true body cavities?

A

Compartmentalization and organ protection.

63
Q

Name the true dorsal cavities? What are there functions?

A

Cranial & Spinal Cavities.
-Protection for brain and spinal cord.
-No expansion room for organs.
(Often called the posterior cavity.)

64
Q

Name the true ventral cavities.
Do they have subdivisions? If so name them?
What are there functions?

A 
Thoracic & Abdominopelvic Cavities.
Subdivision of Abdominopelvic are: Abdominal cavity & Pelvic Cavity.
-Organ protection
-Expansion may occur to some degree.
(often called the anterior cavity.

Biology 210 (11 decks)

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