Chapter Two: Exam One

Question 1

Your friend advised you that your child’s grocery-store temper tantrums continue to occur because you are reinforcing the behavior. What theory has influenced your friend’s thinking?

Answer 1

Behaviorism

Question 2

Which of the following is a key difference between Erikson’s and Freud’s psychoanalytic approaches?

Answer 2

Erikson assumed that each stage included a struggle

Question 3

When a new experience does not fit current understanding, a person tends to experience a confusing state called,

Answer 3

cognitive disequilibrium

Question 4

Which of the two types of cognitive adaptation are harder?

Answer 4

Accommodation

Question 5

You want to teach your child to build a tower with blocks. Which theorist would suggest that you do this through guided participation?

Answer 5

Vygotsky

Question 6

Theories can do all of the following EXCEPT 
Produce hypotheses 
Solve developmental problems 
Generate discoveries 
Offer practical guidance

Answer 6

Solve developmental problems

Question 7

What do theories do?

Answer 7

produce hypotheses, generate discoveries, and offer practical guidance

Question 8

How did Bronfenbrenner’s theory change? (names)

Answer 8

ecological systems - bioecological - PPCT

Question 9

Psychoanalytic Theory

1. Area of focus:
2. Fundamental depiction of what people do:
3. Relative Emphasis:

Answer 9

1. Psychosexual (Freud) of Psychosocial (Erikson) stages
2. Battle unconscious impulses and overcome major crises
3. More nature (biological, sexual impulses, and parent-child bonds)

Question 10

Behaviorism

1. Area of focus:
2. Fundamental depiction of what people do:
3. Relative Emphasis:

Answer 10

1. conditioning through stimulus and response
2. respond to stimuli, reinforcement, and models
3. more nurture (direct environment produces various behaviors)

Question 11

Cognitive Theory

1. Area of focus:
2. Fundamental depiction of what people do:
3. Relative Emphasis:

Answer 11

1. Thinking, remembering, analyzing
2. seek to understand experiences while forming concepts
3. more nature (mental activity and motivation are key)

Question 12

Sociocultural Theory

1. Area of focus:
2. Fundamental depiction of what people do:
3. Relative Emphasis:

Answer 12

1. social control, expressed through people, language, customs
2. learn the tools, skills, and values of society through apprenticeships
3. More nurture (interaction of mentor and learner, within cultures)

Question 13

Evolutionary

1. Area of focus:
2. Fundamental depiction of what people do:
3. Relative Emphasis:

Answer 13

1. needs and impulses that originated 1000s of years ago
2. develop impulses, interests, and patterns to survive and reproduce
3. more nature (needs and impulses apply to all humans)

Question 14

What is the criticism of classic theories?

Answer 14

many psychologists reject the psychoanalytic theory as unscientific
Others reject behaviorism as demeaning of human potential

Question 15

What is the contribution of classic theories?

Answer 15

Both behaviorism and psychoanalytic theories have led to hypotheses that have been examined in thousands of experiments

Question 16

Erikson’s theory of identity development is also a…

Answer 16

model development pathway 1 cascade

Question 17

Erikson’s stage theory: Infancy (0-1 year)

1. Conflict:
2. Resolution or “virtue”:
3. Culmination in old age:

Answer 17

1. basic trust vs. mistrust
2. hope
3. appreciation of interdependence and relatedness

Question 18

Erikson’s stage theory: Early Childhood (1-3 years)

1. Conflict:
2. Resolution or “virtue”:
3. Culmination in old age:

Answer 18

1. autonomy vs. shame
2. will
3. acceptance of the cycle of life, from integration to disintegration

Question 19

Erikson’s stage theory: Play age (3-6 years)

1. Conflict:
2. Resolution or “virtue”:
3. Culmination in old age:

Answer 19

1. initiative vs. guilt
2. purpose
3. humor, empathy; resilience

Question 20

Erikson’s stage theory: School-age (6-12 years)

1. Conflict:
2. Resolution or “virtue”:
3. Culmination in old age:

Answer 20

1. industry vs. inferiority
2. competence
3. humility; acceptance of the course of one’s life and unfulfilled hopes

Question 21

Erikson’s stage theory: Adolescence (12-19 years)

1. Conflict:
2. Resolution or “virtue”:
3. Culmination in old age:

Answer 21

1. identity vs. confusion
2. fidelity
3. sense of the complexity of life; merging of sensory, logical, and aesthetic perception

Question 22

Erikson’s stage theory: Early Adulthood (20-25 years)

1. Conflict:
2. Resolution or “virtue”:
3. Culmination in old age:

Answer 22

1. intimacy vs. isolation
2. love
3. sense of the complexity of relationships; a value of tenderness and loving freely

Question 23

Erikson’s stage theory: Adulthood (26-64 years)

1. Conflict:
2. Resolution or “virtue”:
3. Culmination in old age:

Answer 23

1. generativity vs. stagnation
2. care
3. Caritas, caring for others, and agape, empathy and concern

Question 24

Erikson’s stage theory: Old Age (65-death)

1. Conflict:
2. Resolution or “virtue”:
3. Culmination in old age:

Answer 24

1. integrity vs. despair
2. wisdom
3. existential identity; a sense of integrity strong enough to withstand physical disintegration

Question 25

Describe the basics of Jean Piaget’s theory

Answer 25

Cognitive development occurs in 4 major age-related periods or stages
intellectual advancement occurs lifelong because human seek cognitive equilibrium

Question 26

What are the 4 stages (with age) of Piaget’s theory?

Answer 26

Sensorimotor (birth-2 years)
Preoperational (2-7 years)
Concrete operational (7-11 years)
Formal operational (11 years-adulthood)

Question 27

Describe the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory

Answer 27

infants gain knowledge of the world form the physical actions they perform on it. They coordinate sensory experiences with these physical actions. An infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage.

Question 28

Describe the preoperational stage in Piaget’s theory

Answer 28

The child begins to use mental representations to understand the world. Symbolic thinking, reflected in the use of words and images, is used in this mental representation, which goes beyond the connection of sensory information with physical action. However, there are constraints on the child’s thinking at this stage, such as egocentrism and centration

Question 29

Describe the concrete operational stage in Piaget’s theory

Answer 29

The child can now reason logically about concrete events, understands the concept of conversation, organizes objects into hierarchical classes (classification), and places objects in ordered series (seriation)

Question 30

Describe the formal operational stage of Piaget’s theory

Answer 30

The adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical (hypothetical-deductive) ways

Question 31

Describe Piaget’s cognitive theory

Answer 31

Assimilation: experiences are interpreted to fit into, or assimilated with, old ideas
Accommodation: old ideas are restructured to include, or accommodate, new experiences
Equilibrium - new idea or experience - disequilibrium- adaptation (assimilation, accommodation) - new equilibrium

Question 32

Sociocultural theory: thought that…

_______ is integral to a person’s development

Answer 32

Thought that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and their surrounding society
Culture

Question 33

Lev Vygotsky believes in interaction between… and concepts of…

Answer 33

Interaction between culture and education.

Concepts of apprenticeship in thinking and guided participation.

Question 34

Describe Vygotsky’s Theory

Answer 34

Zone of proximal development: skills, knowledge, and concepts that learner is close to acquiring but cannot master without help.
Process of joint construction - new knowledge obtained through mentoring

Question 35

Theories contribute an _______ perspective taken by most _______ which occurs when….

Answer 35

Eclectic; developmentallsts: occurs when aspects of each of the various theories of development are selectively applied rather than adhering exclusively to one theory

Question 36

The eclectic perspective helps guard against ____ and facilitates….

Answer 36

Bias; facilitates open-mindedness to alternative explanations for complexity of human life

Question 37

Vygotsky’s theory flow chart

Answer 37

Learner - what the learner already knows (don’t teach, too boring) - zone of proximal development (what the learner could understand with guidance; do teach, exiting, challenging) - what the learner is not yet ready or able to learn (don’t teach, too difficult)