Chapter Two: Exam One Flashcards
Your friend advised you that your child’s grocery-store temper tantrums continue to occur because you are reinforcing the behavior. What theory has influenced your friend’s thinking?
Behaviorism
Which of the following is a key difference between Erikson’s and Freud’s psychoanalytic approaches?
Erikson assumed that each stage included a struggle
When a new experience does not fit current understanding, a person tends to experience a confusing state called,
cognitive disequilibrium
Which of the two types of cognitive adaptation are harder?
Accommodation
You want to teach your child to build a tower with blocks. Which theorist would suggest that you do this through guided participation?
Vygotsky
Theories can do all of the following EXCEPT Produce hypotheses Solve developmental problems Generate discoveries Offer practical guidance
Solve developmental problems
What do theories do?
produce hypotheses, generate discoveries, and offer practical guidance
How did Bronfenbrenner’s theory change? (names)
ecological systems - bioecological - PPCT
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Area of focus:
- Fundamental depiction of what people do:
- Relative Emphasis:
- Psychosexual (Freud) of Psychosocial (Erikson) stages
- Battle unconscious impulses and overcome major crises
- More nature (biological, sexual impulses, and parent-child bonds)
Behaviorism
- Area of focus:
- Fundamental depiction of what people do:
- Relative Emphasis:
- conditioning through stimulus and response
- respond to stimuli, reinforcement, and models
- more nurture (direct environment produces various behaviors)
Cognitive Theory
- Area of focus:
- Fundamental depiction of what people do:
- Relative Emphasis:
- Thinking, remembering, analyzing
- seek to understand experiences while forming concepts
- more nature (mental activity and motivation are key)
Sociocultural Theory
- Area of focus:
- Fundamental depiction of what people do:
- Relative Emphasis:
- social control, expressed through people, language, customs
- learn the tools, skills, and values of society through apprenticeships
- More nurture (interaction of mentor and learner, within cultures)
Evolutionary
- Area of focus:
- Fundamental depiction of what people do:
- Relative Emphasis:
- needs and impulses that originated 1000s of years ago
- develop impulses, interests, and patterns to survive and reproduce
- more nature (needs and impulses apply to all humans)
What is the criticism of classic theories?
many psychologists reject the psychoanalytic theory as unscientific
Others reject behaviorism as demeaning of human potential
What is the contribution of classic theories?
Both behaviorism and psychoanalytic theories have led to hypotheses that have been examined in thousands of experiments
Erikson’s theory of identity development is also a…
model development pathway 1 cascade
Erikson’s stage theory: Infancy (0-1 year)
- Conflict:
- Resolution or “virtue”:
- Culmination in old age:
- basic trust vs. mistrust
- hope
- appreciation of interdependence and relatedness
Erikson’s stage theory: Early Childhood (1-3 years)
- Conflict:
- Resolution or “virtue”:
- Culmination in old age:
- autonomy vs. shame
- will
- acceptance of the cycle of life, from integration to disintegration
Erikson’s stage theory: Play age (3-6 years)
- Conflict:
- Resolution or “virtue”:
- Culmination in old age:
- initiative vs. guilt
- purpose
- humor, empathy; resilience
Erikson’s stage theory: School-age (6-12 years)
- Conflict:
- Resolution or “virtue”:
- Culmination in old age:
- industry vs. inferiority
- competence
- humility; acceptance of the course of one’s life and unfulfilled hopes
Erikson’s stage theory: Adolescence (12-19 years)
- Conflict:
- Resolution or “virtue”:
- Culmination in old age:
- identity vs. confusion
- fidelity
- sense of the complexity of life; merging of sensory, logical, and aesthetic perception
Erikson’s stage theory: Early Adulthood (20-25 years)
- Conflict:
- Resolution or “virtue”:
- Culmination in old age:
- intimacy vs. isolation
- love
- sense of the complexity of relationships; a value of tenderness and loving freely
Erikson’s stage theory: Adulthood (26-64 years)
- Conflict:
- Resolution or “virtue”:
- Culmination in old age:
- generativity vs. stagnation
- care
- Caritas, caring for others, and agape, empathy and concern
Erikson’s stage theory: Old Age (65-death)
- Conflict:
- Resolution or “virtue”:
- Culmination in old age:
- integrity vs. despair
- wisdom
- existential identity; a sense of integrity strong enough to withstand physical disintegration
Describe the basics of Jean Piaget’s theory
Cognitive development occurs in 4 major age-related periods or stages
intellectual advancement occurs lifelong because human seek cognitive equilibrium
What are the 4 stages (with age) of Piaget’s theory?
Sensorimotor (birth-2 years)
Preoperational (2-7 years)
Concrete operational (7-11 years)
Formal operational (11 years-adulthood)
Describe the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory
infants gain knowledge of the world form the physical actions they perform on it. They coordinate sensory experiences with these physical actions. An infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage.
Describe the preoperational stage in Piaget’s theory
The child begins to use mental representations to understand the world. Symbolic thinking, reflected in the use of words and images, is used in this mental representation, which goes beyond the connection of sensory information with physical action. However, there are constraints on the child’s thinking at this stage, such as egocentrism and centration
Describe the concrete operational stage in Piaget’s theory
The child can now reason logically about concrete events, understands the concept of conversation, organizes objects into hierarchical classes (classification), and places objects in ordered series (seriation)
Describe the formal operational stage of Piaget’s theory
The adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical (hypothetical-deductive) ways
Describe Piaget’s cognitive theory
Assimilation: experiences are interpreted to fit into, or assimilated with, old ideas
Accommodation: old ideas are restructured to include, or accommodate, new experiences
Equilibrium - new idea or experience - disequilibrium- adaptation (assimilation, accommodation) - new equilibrium
Sociocultural theory: thought that…
_______ is integral to a person’s development
Thought that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and their surrounding society
Culture
Lev Vygotsky believes in interaction between… and concepts of…
Interaction between culture and education.
Concepts of apprenticeship in thinking and guided participation.
Describe Vygotsky’s Theory
Zone of proximal development: skills, knowledge, and concepts that learner is close to acquiring but cannot master without help.
Process of joint construction - new knowledge obtained through mentoring
Theories contribute an _______ perspective taken by most _______ which occurs when….
Eclectic; developmentallsts: occurs when aspects of each of the various theories of development are selectively applied rather than adhering exclusively to one theory
The eclectic perspective helps guard against ____ and facilitates….
Bias; facilitates open-mindedness to alternative explanations for complexity of human life
Vygotsky’s theory flow chart
Learner - what the learner already knows (don’t teach, too boring) - zone of proximal development (what the learner could understand with guidance; do teach, exiting, challenging) - what the learner is not yet ready or able to learn (don’t teach, too difficult)
