Chapter Five: Exam One Flashcards
T/F: During the first year of life, most infants triple their body weight.
True
You can expect that a 9-pound newborn who develops along normal lines will be _____ pounds at four months and _____ pounds at one year of age.
18; 27
Nerve cells of the central nervous system that are found mostly in the brain are called:
Neurons
Lisa had a normal weight at birth but then went through a period of malnourishment. Thankfully, this did not impact her brain. This is an example of
head-sparing
The great increase in the number of dendrites that occurs during the first two years of a baby’s life is:
transient exuberance
Body Changes in an Infant
Average weight: _____ the birth weight by month 4, _____ it by age 1, much of it is ___
double; triple; fat
Body Changes in an Infant
Average height: grow ___ inches from birth to age 2
14 inches
Average newborn sleeps ___ hours per day
specifics vary due to…
16 hours per day
age, characteristics, and social environment
Ample sleep correlates with…
- normal brain maturation
- learning
- emotional regulation
- academic success
- psychological adjustment
What is co-sleeping?
Baby sleeping with parents
There is disparity (in rates of co-sleeping) between _____ and _____
Also a lot of variation in the _____
Is sleeping alone or co-sleeping better or worse? Why?
Asian and non-Asian
The United States
neither is better or worse, simply reflects contrasting preferences and differential trade-offs
More recent guidelines about sleeping (Nov 2016) that states that recommendations for a safe sleep environment include…and the avoidance of…
supine positioning, the use of a firm sleep surface, room-sharing without bed-sharing
avoidance of soft bedding and overheating
Recent guidelines (Nov 2016) for SIDS reduction include the avoidance of… and also…
avoidance of exposure to smoke, alcohol, and illicit drugs; also breastfeeding, routine immunization, and the use of a pacifier
Brain Growth:
two-year-olds are totally dependent on adults, but they have already reached ____ their adult height and ____ of their adult brain size
half; three-fourths
What is head-sparing?
biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth.
The ____ is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition
brain
What is a neuron?
the billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system
Newborns are born with ____ neurons - way more than they need
About ___% of the neurons are in the cortex which is the…
100 billion
70% (outer layer of the brain)
What is the prefrontal cortex? What is the baby’s like?
the area for anticipation, planning, and impulse control.
babies don’t have this yet, thus you can’t tell them to stop crying
What is shaken baby syndrome?
a life-threatening injury occurring when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, rupturing blood vessels, and breaking neural connections
Anatomy of a Neuron: What is the soma? What does it contain?
the nucleus of the neuron; it contains the DNA that is the genetic blueprint for its development
Anatomy of a Neuron: incoming signals are received by…
branchlike structures growing out of the cell body called dendrites
Anatomy of a Neuron: outgoing signals are carried by…
a single structure called the axon
Anatomy of a Neuron: insulation is called the…that is…
myelin sheath - a white, fatty substance that is broken into small segments along the axon
Anatomy of a Neuron: The myelin _____ neural signals
speeds up
Anatomy of a Neuron: What are neurotransmitters?
chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to the other
Anatomy of a Neuron: Where are neurotransmitters stored?
stored in the axon bulb, small sacs called synaptic vesicles
Why do neurotransmitters matter?: Too much or too little affect ____
mood
What strengthens neural connections in the first two years?
physical touch and other experiences of sensation, perception
What is synaptogenesis?
transient exuberance then pruning
expansion and pruning of dendrites occur for every aspect of early experience
unused dendrites wither to allow space between neurons in the brain, allowing more synapses and thus more complex thinking
Infants need _____ which include…
this is necessary for…
stimulation; playing, allowing varied sensations, and encouraging movement is necessary for brain connections
What does stress do to an infant’s brain?
If it produces too many stress hormones (e.g., cortisol) in infants, the brain will not be able to have normal stress responses
Stress occurs in infants…
This can continue to…
who are terrified and experience other forms of stress
can continue to occur when the infant is an adult
_____ connections reflect how a baby is treated
Early _____ experiences are lifelong
Plasticity occurs in response to _____ and _____
Neural
nurturing
nutrients and events
_____ development typically precedes ______ and _____ development
sensory; intellectual and motor
What is a sensation?
the response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus
What is perception?
mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation
Hearing develops during…
_____ _____ of the newborn’s senses
Speech perception by ______ after birth
the last trimester of pregnancy
most advanced
4 months
Seeing is the ______ sense at birth
Newborns focus between ____ and ___ inches away
least mature
4 and 30
Experience and maturation of visual cortex improve…
shape recognition, visual scanning, and details
Binocular vision occurs at what age?
understanding _____
3 months
depth
What does immunization do?
Primes the body’s immune system to resist a particular disease
Immunization contributes to…
reduced mortality and population growth
Herd immunity won’t work unless…
a high proportion of the population does it (vaccinate)
Successes of immunization/herd immunity
smallpox, polio, measles
For every infant disease (including SIDS), ______ reduces risk and _____ increases it by…
breast-feeding; malnutrition, by stunting the growth of body and brain
Breast-fed babies are less likely to develop…
allergies, asthma, obesity, and heart disease
As an infant gets older, the composition of breast milk…
adjusts to the baby’s nutritional needs
What is protein-calorie malnutrition?
condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind that can result in several illnesses, severe weight loss, and even death
What is stunting?
failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition
What is wasting?
the tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition
Effects of chronic malnutrition on brains?
brains may not develop normally
Effect of chronic malnutrition on the immune system?
protection against common diseases may be reduced
Some diseases result directly from malnutrition including…
Marasmus (<60% normal weight)
Kwashiorkor (insufficient protein consumption)
Effects of Chronic Malnutrition: combination of…may be fatal
combination of genetic susceptibility, poor nutrition, infection, and abnormal digestive system bacteria may be fatal
Grantham-McGregor: Over _____ children under the age of 5 are not fulfilling their “developmental potential” due to _____ and poverty- mostly in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
200 million; stunting
What did Grantham-McGregor mean by “developmental potential”?
growth according to height and weight, and normative cognitive development in terms of IQ
In 3 regions, stunting affects how many children? What % globally?
one in every three children
Global: 21.9%
Globally, ___% of children under five are overweight
5.9%
Although stunting has _____, the numbers are still extremely alarming
declined
There are health disparities in malnutrition globally
Over ___% of children under 5 are stunted in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
This has great effects on ______ ______
Less than __% in North America
30%
brain development
3%
_____ rates are climbing in countries with higher GDP
Obesity
Age: 1 month
Nighttime sleep hours:
Daytime sleep hours:
Total sleep hours:
Nighttime sleep hours: 8.5 (many naps)
Daytime sleep hours: 7.5 (many naps)
Total sleep hours: 16
Age: 3 months
Nighttime sleep hours:
Daytime sleep hours:
Total sleep hours:
Nighttime sleep hours: 6-10
Daytime sleep hours: 5-9
Total sleep hours: 15
Age: 6 months
Nighttime sleep hours:
Daytime sleep hours:
Total sleep hours:
Nighttime sleep hours: 10-12
Daytime sleep hours: 3-4.5
Total sleep hours: 14.5
Age: 9 months
Nighttime sleep hours:
Daytime sleep hours:
Total sleep hours:
Nighttime sleep hours: 11
Daytime sleep hours: 3 (2 naps)
Total sleep hours: 14
Age: 12 months
Nighttime sleep hours:
Daytime sleep hours:
Total sleep hours:
Nighttime sleep hours: 11
Daytime sleep hours: 2.5 (2 naps)
Total sleep hours: 13.5
Age: 18 months
Nighttime sleep hours:
Daytime sleep hours:
Total sleep hours:
Nighttime sleep hours: 11
Daytime sleep hours: 2.5 (1-2 days)
Total sleep hours: 13.5
Age: 2 years
Nighttime sleep hours:
Daytime sleep hours:
Total sleep hours:
Nighttime sleep hours: 11
Daytime sleep hours: 2 (1 nap)
Total sleep hours: 13
Skill: Sit, head steady
When 50% Master it:
When 95% Master it:
When 50% Master it: 3 months
When 95% Master it: 4 months
Skill: Sit, unsupported
When 50% Master it:
When 95% Master it:
When 50% Master it: 6 months
When 95% Master it: 7 months
Skill: Pull to stand (holding on)
When 50% Master it:
When 95% Master it:
When 50% Master it: 9 months
When 95% Master it: 10 months
Skill: stand-alone
When 50% Master it:
When 95% Master it:
When 50% Master it: 12 months
When 95% Master it: 14 months
Skill: walk well
When 50% Master it:
When 95% Master it:
When 50% Master it: 13 months
When 95% Master it: 15 months
Skill: walk backward
When 50% Master it:
When 95% Master it:
When 50% Master it: 15 months
When 95% Master it: 17 months
Skill: run
When 50% Master it:
When 95% Master it:
When 50% Master it: 18 months
When 95% Master it: 20 months
Skill: jump up
When 50% Master it:
When 95% Master it:
When 50% Master it: 26 months
When 95% Master it: 29 months
