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HDFS 2010 > Chapter Five: Exam One > Flashcards

Chapter Five: Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: During the first year of life, most infants triple their body weight.

A

True

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2
Q

You can expect that a 9-pound newborn who develops along normal lines will be _____ pounds at four months and _____ pounds at one year of age.

A

18; 27

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3
Q

Nerve cells of the central nervous system that are found mostly in the brain are called:

A

Neurons

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4
Q

Lisa had a normal weight at birth but then went through a period of malnourishment. Thankfully, this did not impact her brain. This is an example of

A

head-sparing

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5
Q

The great increase in the number of dendrites that occurs during the first two years of a baby’s life is:

A

transient exuberance

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6
Q

Body Changes in an Infant

Average weight: _____ the birth weight by month 4, _____ it by age 1, much of it is ___

A

double; triple; fat

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7
Q

Body Changes in an Infant

Average height: grow ___ inches from birth to age 2

A

14 inches

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8
Q

Average newborn sleeps ___ hours per day

specifics vary due to…

A

16 hours per day

age, characteristics, and social environment

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9
Q

Ample sleep correlates with…

A
  1. normal brain maturation
  2. learning
  3. emotional regulation
  4. academic success
  5. psychological adjustment
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10
Q

What is co-sleeping?

A

Baby sleeping with parents

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11
Q

There is disparity (in rates of co-sleeping) between _____ and _____
Also a lot of variation in the _____
Is sleeping alone or co-sleeping better or worse? Why?

A

Asian and non-Asian
The United States
neither is better or worse, simply reflects contrasting preferences and differential trade-offs

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12
Q

More recent guidelines about sleeping (Nov 2016) that states that recommendations for a safe sleep environment include…and the avoidance of…

A

supine positioning, the use of a firm sleep surface, room-sharing without bed-sharing
avoidance of soft bedding and overheating

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13
Q

Recent guidelines (Nov 2016) for SIDS reduction include the avoidance of… and also…

A

avoidance of exposure to smoke, alcohol, and illicit drugs; also breastfeeding, routine immunization, and the use of a pacifier

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14
Q

Brain Growth:
two-year-olds are totally dependent on adults, but they have already reached ____ their adult height and ____ of their adult brain size

A

half; three-fourths

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15
Q

What is head-sparing?

A

biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth.

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16
Q

The ____ is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition

A

brain

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17
Q

What is a neuron?

A

the billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system

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18
Q

Newborns are born with ____ neurons - way more than they need
About ___% of the neurons are in the cortex which is the…

A

100 billion

70% (outer layer of the brain)

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19
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex? What is the baby’s like?

A

the area for anticipation, planning, and impulse control.

babies don’t have this yet, thus you can’t tell them to stop crying

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20
Q

What is shaken baby syndrome?

A

a life-threatening injury occurring when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, rupturing blood vessels, and breaking neural connections

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21
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: What is the soma? What does it contain?

A

the nucleus of the neuron; it contains the DNA that is the genetic blueprint for its development

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22
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: incoming signals are received by…

A

branchlike structures growing out of the cell body called dendrites

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23
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: outgoing signals are carried by…

A

a single structure called the axon

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24
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: insulation is called the…that is…

A

myelin sheath - a white, fatty substance that is broken into small segments along the axon

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25
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: The myelin _____ neural signals

A

speeds up

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26
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: What are neurotransmitters?

A

chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to the other

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27
Q

Anatomy of a Neuron: Where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

stored in the axon bulb, small sacs called synaptic vesicles

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28
Q

Why do neurotransmitters matter?: Too much or too little affect ____

A

mood

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29
Q

What strengthens neural connections in the first two years?

A

physical touch and other experiences of sensation, perception

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30
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

transient exuberance then pruning
expansion and pruning of dendrites occur for every aspect of early experience
unused dendrites wither to allow space between neurons in the brain, allowing more synapses and thus more complex thinking

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31
Q

Infants need _____ which include…

this is necessary for…

A

stimulation; playing, allowing varied sensations, and encouraging movement is necessary for brain connections

32
Q

What does stress do to an infant’s brain?

A

If it produces too many stress hormones (e.g., cortisol) in infants, the brain will not be able to have normal stress responses

33
Q

Stress occurs in infants…

This can continue to…

A

who are terrified and experience other forms of stress

can continue to occur when the infant is an adult

34
Q

_____ connections reflect how a baby is treated
Early _____ experiences are lifelong
Plasticity occurs in response to _____ and _____

A

Neural
nurturing
nutrients and events

35
Q

_____ development typically precedes ______ and _____ development

A

sensory; intellectual and motor

36
Q

What is a sensation?

A

the response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus

37
Q

What is perception?

A

mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation

38
Q

Hearing develops during…
_____ _____ of the newborn’s senses
Speech perception by ______ after birth

A

the last trimester of pregnancy
most advanced
4 months

39
Q

Seeing is the ______ sense at birth

Newborns focus between ____ and ___ inches away

A

least mature

4 and 30

40
Q

Experience and maturation of visual cortex improve…

A

shape recognition, visual scanning, and details

41
Q

Binocular vision occurs at what age?

understanding _____

A

3 months

depth

42
Q

What does immunization do?

A

Primes the body’s immune system to resist a particular disease

43
Q

Immunization contributes to…

A

reduced mortality and population growth

44
Q

Herd immunity won’t work unless…

A

a high proportion of the population does it (vaccinate)

45
Q

Successes of immunization/herd immunity

A

smallpox, polio, measles

46
Q

For every infant disease (including SIDS), ______ reduces risk and _____ increases it by…

A

breast-feeding; malnutrition, by stunting the growth of body and brain

47
Q

Breast-fed babies are less likely to develop…

A

allergies, asthma, obesity, and heart disease

48
Q

As an infant gets older, the composition of breast milk…

A

adjusts to the baby’s nutritional needs

49
Q

What is protein-calorie malnutrition?

A

condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind that can result in several illnesses, severe weight loss, and even death

50
Q

What is stunting?

A

failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition

51
Q

What is wasting?

A

the tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition

52
Q

Effects of chronic malnutrition on brains?

A

brains may not develop normally

53
Q

Effect of chronic malnutrition on the immune system?

A

protection against common diseases may be reduced

54
Q

Some diseases result directly from malnutrition including…

A

Marasmus (<60% normal weight)

Kwashiorkor (insufficient protein consumption)

55
Q

Effects of Chronic Malnutrition: combination of…may be fatal

A

combination of genetic susceptibility, poor nutrition, infection, and abnormal digestive system bacteria may be fatal

56
Q

Grantham-McGregor: Over _____ children under the age of 5 are not fulfilling their “developmental potential” due to _____ and poverty- mostly in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa

A

200 million; stunting

57
Q

What did Grantham-McGregor mean by “developmental potential”?

A

growth according to height and weight, and normative cognitive development in terms of IQ

58
Q

In 3 regions, stunting affects how many children? What % globally?

A

one in every three children

Global: 21.9%

59
Q

Globally, ___% of children under five are overweight

A

5.9%

60
Q

Although stunting has _____, the numbers are still extremely alarming

A

declined

61
Q

There are health disparities in malnutrition globally
Over ___% of children under 5 are stunted in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
This has great effects on ______ ______
Less than __% in North America

A

30%
brain development
3%

62
Q

_____ rates are climbing in countries with higher GDP

A

Obesity

63
Q

Age: 1 month
Nighttime sleep hours:
Daytime sleep hours:
Total sleep hours:

A

Nighttime sleep hours: 8.5 (many naps)
Daytime sleep hours: 7.5 (many naps)
Total sleep hours: 16

64
Q

Age: 3 months
Nighttime sleep hours:
Daytime sleep hours:
Total sleep hours:

A

Nighttime sleep hours: 6-10
Daytime sleep hours: 5-9
Total sleep hours: 15

65
Q

Age: 6 months
Nighttime sleep hours:
Daytime sleep hours:
Total sleep hours:

A

Nighttime sleep hours: 10-12
Daytime sleep hours: 3-4.5
Total sleep hours: 14.5

66
Q

Age: 9 months
Nighttime sleep hours:
Daytime sleep hours:
Total sleep hours:

A

Nighttime sleep hours: 11
Daytime sleep hours: 3 (2 naps)
Total sleep hours: 14

67
Q

Age: 12 months
Nighttime sleep hours:
Daytime sleep hours:
Total sleep hours:

A

Nighttime sleep hours: 11
Daytime sleep hours: 2.5 (2 naps)
Total sleep hours: 13.5

68
Q

Age: 18 months
Nighttime sleep hours:
Daytime sleep hours:
Total sleep hours:

A

Nighttime sleep hours: 11
Daytime sleep hours: 2.5 (1-2 days)
Total sleep hours: 13.5

69
Q

Age: 2 years
Nighttime sleep hours:
Daytime sleep hours:
Total sleep hours:

A

Nighttime sleep hours: 11
Daytime sleep hours: 2 (1 nap)
Total sleep hours: 13

70
Q

Skill: Sit, head steady
When 50% Master it:
When 95% Master it:

A

When 50% Master it: 3 months

When 95% Master it: 4 months

71
Q

Skill: Sit, unsupported
When 50% Master it:
When 95% Master it:

A

When 50% Master it: 6 months

When 95% Master it: 7 months

72
Q

Skill: Pull to stand (holding on)
When 50% Master it:
When 95% Master it:

A

When 50% Master it: 9 months

When 95% Master it: 10 months

73
Q

Skill: stand-alone
When 50% Master it:
When 95% Master it:

A

When 50% Master it: 12 months

When 95% Master it: 14 months

74
Q

Skill: walk well
When 50% Master it:
When 95% Master it:

A

When 50% Master it: 13 months

When 95% Master it: 15 months

75
Q

Skill: walk backward
When 50% Master it:
When 95% Master it:

A

When 50% Master it: 15 months

When 95% Master it: 17 months

76
Q

Skill: run
When 50% Master it:
When 95% Master it:

A

When 50% Master it: 18 months

When 95% Master it: 20 months

77
Q

Skill: jump up
When 50% Master it:
When 95% Master it:

A

When 50% Master it: 26 months

When 95% Master it: 29 months

HDFS 2010 (7 decks)

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