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HDFS 2010 > Chapter Three: Exam One > Flashcards

Chapter Three: Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

How much DNA do monozygotic (MZ) twins share?

A

100%

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2
Q

How much DNA do dizygotic (DZ) twins share?

A

50%

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3
Q

How much DNA do full biological siblings share?

A

50%?

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4
Q

Which of the following statements about reproduction and sex of an embryo is TRUE?
Sex is determined by the father’s genetic contribution.
More female than male embryos are conceived.
Sex is determined by the mother’s genetic contribution.
Worldwide, more males are born than females.

A

Sex is determined by the father’s genetic contribution.

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5
Q

The process in which cells begin to specialize, take on different forms, and reproduce at different rates is called

A

differentiation

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6
Q

The process in which cells begin to specialize, take on different forms, and reproduce at different rates is called

A

differentiation

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7
Q

What does it mean to have a recessive gene disorder?

A

Both parents must be carriers of the allele

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8
Q 
Which of the following is a dominant gene disorder? 
Alcoholism 
Down Syndrome
Huntingdon's Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
A

Huntingdon’s Disease

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9
Q 
Which of the following is a recessive gene disorder? 
Alcoholism 
Down Syndrome
Huntingdon's Disease
Cystic Fibrosis
A

Cystic Fibrosis

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10
Q

Which of the following is a good reason for a couple to receive genetic counseling before they plan a pregnancy?
They have a high history of fertility
They have diverse ethnic backgrounds
They have relatives with serious genetic disorders
The woman is under 30

A

They have relatives with serious genetic disorders

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11
Q

What is DNA? It promotes _____ and sustains ____

A

Deoxyribonucleuc acid
Molecule that contains the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins
Promotes growth and sustains life

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12
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Molecules of DNA

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13
Q

DNA consists of ____ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

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14
Q

Humans usually possess ____ chromosomes

44 autos one and 2….termed the…

A

46; 2 sex chromosomes termed the 23rd pair

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15
Q

For females the 23rd pair is ___

For males the 23rd pair is ___

A

XX

XY

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16
Q

Sex of offspring depends on…

A

Whether the father’s Y sperm or X sperm fertilizes the ovum

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17
Q

What is DNA?

DNA promotes _____ and sustains _____

A

deoxyribonucleic acid; molecule that contains the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins
promotes growth and sustains life

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18
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

molecules of DNA

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19
Q

DNA consists of ___ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

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20
Q

Humans usually possess ___ chromosomes

44 of which are ______ and 2 ____ chromosomes termed the _____

A

46

autosomes; sex; 23rd pair

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21
Q

the 23rd pair for…
females:
males:

A

females: XX
males: XY

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22
Q

Sex of the offspring depends on…

A

whether the father’s Y sperm or X sperm fertilizes the ovum

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23
Q

After fertilization, the zygote begins…and then…

A

duplication and division, and then differentiation and specialization

24
Q

In differentiation, cells… (no longer ___)

A

cells form a specialized type of cell (no longer stem)

25
Q

What is a gene? how many genes do we have?

A

a specific section of a chromosome

we have 20,000 genes

26
Q

Describe an allele

A

the thing that varies in our genomes
Chemicals are overwhelmingly binary (it’s either one nucleobase or the other out of four possible pairs; A-T, T-A, C-G, G-C)

27
Q

homozygous genes

A

two genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of the

28
Q

heterozygous genes

A

two genes of one pair that differ in some way

29
Q 
Genetic variants (i.e., alleles) are passed down from...
you share about \_\_\_\_ your DNA with each parent (your \_\_\_ biological siblings)
A

generation to generation

half; full

30
Q

What is a genotype?

A

an organism’s genetic inheritance, or genetic potential

the combination of all alleles across all genes that are unique for each organism

31
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

observable characteristics of an organism, including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits

32
Q

What is a polygenic trait?

A

the trait is influenced by many genes

33
Q

What is a multifactorial trait?

A

trait affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes, resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the genotype (pretty much everything we study)

34
Q

Monozygotic (_____) twins

  1. originate from…
  2. incomplete split results in…
  3. Same ____ but slight variations in ____ are possible due to _____ influences
A

identical

  1. one zygote that splits apart very early in development
  2. conjoined twins
  3. genotype; phenotype; environmental
35
Q

Dizygotic (_____) twins

  1. result from…
  2. Dizygotic twins have ____ their genes in common and occur ____ as often as monozygotic twins
  3. Incidence is genetic and varies by _____ and ___
A

fraternal

  1. fertilization of two separate ova by two separate sperm
  2. half; twice
  3. ethnicity and age
36
Q

In either case, MZ and DZ twins share their environments (parents, household, etc.), but it’s the degree of _____ similarity that varies!
A “natural” (_______-) experiment

A

genetic; quasi

37
Q

If MZ twins are more similar than DZ twins on some trait, that trait is probably more influenced by their shared _______
If MZ and DZ twins are about the same in similarity, then that trait is probably more influenced by their shared ____________
If MZ and DZ twins aren’t similar (correlations do not equal +/- 1.0), then this is due to…

A

genes
environment
non-shared environmental influence

38
Q

Shared Environmental Influences on Personality: A Combined Twin and Adoption Approach: Key takeaway: personality is influenced by…

A

additive genetics and nonshared environmental influence

39
Q

What is the microbiome?

A

All of the microbes (bacteria, viruses, and so on) that live in every part of our bodies

40
Q

There are _____ of varieties of microbes; estimated that each microbe has 3 million different _____

A

thousands; genes

41
Q

The microbiome has an influence on _____, _____, _____, and _____

A

immunity, weight, diseases, and mood

42
Q

The “gut” is a second ______ - importance of _______

A

brain; nutrition

43
Q

What are additive genes?

A

effect of genes, added up, throughout the entire genome in connection with some aspect of the phenotype

44
Q

Most psychological traits appear to be _____ in nature, but we don’t know which _____ variants are associated with which psychological traits, yet.

A

additive; genetic

45
Q

Alcoholism probably has a(n) ______ genetic basis
Lots of genetic variants have a(n) _____ pull in some people.
_____ conditions can modify the genetic effects
Thus, ______ and ______ in complex ways

A

additive
addictive
Environmental
Nature and Nurture

46
Q

Describe the dominant-recessive pattern

A

The dominant gene is more influential than the recessive gene (i.e., non-additive influence). At least two genes are influencing the phenotype

47
Q

The dominant gene can…

Example?

A

completely control the phenotype with no noticeable effect of the recessive gene.
E.g., eye color: the allele for brown eyes is a dominant one, whereas the allele for blue eyes is a recessive one

48
Q 
What is Down Syndrome?
Chances increase as...Why?
1 in \_\_\_ chance at age 20 
1 in \_\_\_ chance at age 39
1 in \_\_\_ chance at age 44
A 
Trisonomy-21 (3 copies of Chromosome 21)
chances increase (for the baby) as women get older because their eggs are old 
1 in 800 at 20
1 in 67 at 39
1 in 16 at 44
49
Q 
What is Down Syndrome?
Chances increase as...Why?
1 in \_\_\_ chance at age 20 
1 in \_\_\_ chance at age 39
1 in \_\_\_ chance at age 44
A 
Trisonomy-21 (3 copies of Chromosome 21)
chances increase (for the baby) as women get older because their eggs are old 
1 in 800 at 20
1 in 67 at 39
1 in 16 at 44
50
Q

What is Huntington’s Disease? dominant or recessive disorder? inherit the allele from what?

A

Duplication; Dominant gene disorder; inherit the allele from either parent (4th chromosome, HD gene)

51
Q

What are the symptoms of Huntington’s Disease?
Symptoms do not appear until _____
____ testing available

A

changes in personality, cognition and physical ability, chorea (rigid, muscle movement)
Adulthood
Genetic

52
Q

What is Cystic Fibrosis? dominant or recessive disorder? how is it inherited?

A

Deletion; Recessive gene disorder; both parents must be carriers to be affected (7th chromosome, CFTR gene)

53
Q

What are the symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis?
symptoms often do not appear until ____
_____ testing available

A

accumulation of mucus that affects lungs, liver, pancreas, and intestine; early death
adulthood
genetic

54
Q

There are many more (81-83) gene disorders mostly due to ______ or ______ of genes
E.g., …

A 
duplications or deletions
Fragile X (duplication, associated with MR)
55
Q

What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)? recessive or dominant?
A buildup of phenylalanine causes:
_____ _____ and a _____ _____ usually results in normal development

A

recessive condition
mutation in PAH gene results in an inability to metabolize phenylalanine (an amino acid found in many acids)
brain damage, progressive MR, and other symptoms
Early testing; special diet

56
Q

What is genetic counseling? What does it enable?

A

Consultation and testing by trained professionals
Enables prospective parents to learn about their genetic heritage, including harmful conditions that may be passed on to their offspring

57
Q

What are the ethical guidelines of genetic counseling?

A

testing results are kept confidential

decisions regarding sterilization, adoption, abortion, or carrying a pregnancy to term are made by the clients

HDFS 2010 (7 decks)

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