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HDFS 2010 > Chapter Four: Exam One > Flashcards

Chapter Four: Exam One Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: At the end of the third month of conception, the fetus has all of its body parts

A

True

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2
Q

T/F: Fetuses jump in response to sudden noises

A

True

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3
Q

T/F: When drugs such as marijuana and alcohol are taken together, a higher dosage is required before either become harmful

A

False

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4
Q

T/F: If the mother carries the virus that causes AIDS, nothing can be done to prevent the fetus from becoming infected

A

False

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5
Q

T/F: Officially, a baby’s “due date” is established as 38 weeks after conception.

A

True

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6
Q

T/F: Malnutrition is the primary reason teenage girls have small babies

A

True

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7
Q

At what point after conception can pregnancy be confirmed through urine testing?

A

After implantation

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8
Q

At what point after conception can pregnancy be confirmed through urine testing?

A

After implantation

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9
Q

The most critical period of vulnerability to teratogens occurs during:

A

the embryonic period

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10
Q

What year did alcohol labels begin printing warnings to pregnant mothers?

A

1989

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11
Q

The order of prenatal growth stages before birth is:

A

germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period

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12
Q

What/when is the germinal period?

A

1st two weeks after conception: rapid cell division and beginning of cell differentiation

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13
Q

What/when is the embryonic period?

A

The 3rd-8th week after conception: basic forms of all body structures develop

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14
Q

What/when is the fetal period?

A

9th week-birth: fetus grows in size and matures in functioning

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15
Q

What happens in the germinal period?

A
  1. The zygote begins duplication and division within hours of conception
  2. Development of the placenta
  3. Implantation
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16
Q

What is the placenta?

A

the organ that surrounds the developing embryo

sustains life via the umbilical cord

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17
Q

What is implantation? When does it occur?

A

about 10 days after conception (germinal period) developing organism burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus

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18
Q

What is the vulnerability of the germinal period?

A

about 1/2 of conceptions fail to grow or implant properly and thus do not survive the germinal period, most of these organisms are grossly abnormal

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19
Q

What happens in the embryonic period?

A
  1. It begins when the primitive streak appears down the middle of the cell mass.
  2. Primitive streak becomes the neural tube and later the brain and spinal column
  3. Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth form
  4. Heart pulsate
  5. Extremities develop and webbed fingers and toes separate
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20
Q

What is the vulnerability of the embryonic period?

A

about 20% of all embryos are aborted spontaneously, most often because of chromosomal abnormalities

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21
Q

What happens in the fetal period?

A
  1. Genitals form
  2. sex hormones cause differences in brain organization
  3. heartbeat is detectable via stethoscope
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22
Q

_____ is not fully mature at birth

A

cortex

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23
Q

____ at birth is the biggest part of the baby

A

the brain

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24
Q

What is the vulnerability of the fetal period?

A

about 5% percent are aborted spontaneously before viability at 22 weeks or are stillborn

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25
Q

What does stillborn mean?

A

born dead after 22 weeks

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26
Q

What is the age of viability? When is it?

A

age at which a preterm newborn may survive outside the womb with medical care
about 22 weeks after conception

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27
Q

At the age of viability, the ____ is able to regulate basic body functions
Chances of survival ____ with each day after the age of viability

A

brain

increase

28
Q

What happens in order for birth to occur?

A

The fetal brain signals the release of hormones to trigger the mother’s uterine muscles; labor begins

29
Q

Average labor duration for first babies is:

____ labor for later babies

A

12 hours

quicker

30
Q

What is the vulnerability of birth?

A

about 31% of all zygotes grow and survive to become living newborn babies

31
Q

Describe the newborn’s first minutes

A
  1. usually cry spontaneously
  2. color change from bluish to pinkish
  3. eyes open
  4. fingers grab
  5. toes stretch
32
Q

What is the Apgar Scale? When is it completed? What are the scores/desired score?

A
  1. quick assessment of a newborn’s heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflex irritability; created by a nurse
  2. completed twice (1 minute and 5 minutes after birth)
  3. score of 0, 1, 2 in each category; the desired score is a 7 or above
33
Q

Criteria and scoring of the Apgar Scale: Color
0:
1:
2:

A

0: blue, pale
1: body pink, extremities blue
2: entirely pink

34
Q

Criteria and scoring of the Apgar Scale: Heartbeat
0:
1:
2:

A

0: absent
1: slow (below 100)
2: rapid (over 100)

35
Q

Criteria and scoring of the Apgar Scale: Reflex Irritability
0:
1:
2:

A

0: no response
1: grimace
2: coughing, sneezing, crying

36
Q

Criteria and scoring of the Apgar Scale: Muscle Tone
0:
1:
2:

A

0: flaccid, limp
1: weak, inactive
2: strong, active

37
Q

Criteria and scoring of the Apgar Scale: Respiratory Effort
0:
1:
2:

A

0: absent
1: irregular, slow
2: good; the baby is crying

38
Q

Describe cesarean section

  1. What is it?
  2. The fetus can be removed ____
  3. Less ____ for the newborn but slower ____ for the mother
  4. _____ cesarean deliveries may be necessary
A

a surgical birth
fetus can be removed quickly
less trauma for the newborn but slower recovery for the mother
subsequent c-sections may be necessary

39
Q

C-section:
lower rates in _____ countries
higher rates in _____ countries
____ of births in the U.S. are c-sections

A

poorer
richer
1/3

40
Q

What is a doula?

A

a woman who helps with labor, delivery, breastfeeding, and a newborn care

41
Q

What is the use of a doula associated with?

A

DECREASED labor length, use of labor-induced drugs, use of pain medication by mother during labor, the rate of c-sections, lessens post-partum depression

42
Q

Infant mortality has decreased due to…
1990: __% infant mortality
Today: <1 in ___ (___% of all infants born)
But still, the US has ____ rates than other wealthy countries

A

better medical care
5%
<1 in 250, .004%
higher

43
Q

Childbirth has become safer for _____
The death rate in poorest nations:
Yet, the US still has climbing rates of…?

A

mothers
1 in 20 women
maternal childbirth mortality

44
Q

___ deaths per 100,000 live births for white women
___ deaths per 100,000 live births for black women
___ deaths per 100,000 live births for women of other races

A
  1. 4
  2. 0
  3. 8
45
Q

Pregnant women can ensure a healthy newborn by avoiding ____ which are…

A

teratogens; substances and conditions that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects, or death

46
Q

Teratogens include…

A

environmental conditions/chemicals, viruses and infections, drugs and medications, metabolic imbalance, radiation, etc

47
Q

Teratogens have been associated with
_____ ______ obvious at birth
some ____ ____ do not become evident for months or years

A

some associated with birth defects
structural abnormalities
behavioral effects

48
Q

Describe risk analysis

What is teratology?

A

knowing which risks are worth taking; how to minimize chance of harm
science of risk analysis

49
Q

What is the threshold effect?

A

When a teratogen is harmless in small doses but becomes harmful at a certain level (threshold)
- remains controversial

50
Q

Pregnancy

Caffeine: effects, use

A

normal use: no problems

avoid excessive use, no more than 3 cups a day of beverages containing caffeine

51
Q

Pregnancy

Alcohol: effects, use

A

may cause fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or fetal alcohol effects (FAE)
stop or severely limit alcohol consumption
3 or more drinks a day or 5 or more on one occasion is considered dangerous

52
Q

Pregnancy

Tobacco: effects, use

A

increases the risk of malformations of limbs and urinary tract; may affect the baby’s lungs
- stop. smoking.

53
Q

Pregnancy

Marijuana: effects, use

A

heavy exposure may affect CNS; when smoked, may hinder fetal growth
AVOID or strictly limit

54
Q

Pregnancy

Heroin: effects, use

A

slows fetal growth and may cause premature labor; babies with heroin in their bloodstream require medical treatment to prevent the pain/convulsions of withdrawal
get treated for addiction before pregnancy; if already pregnant start a gradual withdrawal on methadone

55
Q

Pregnancy

Cocaine: effects, use

A

may cause slow fetal growth, premature labor, and learning problems in early life
STOP USE

56
Q 
Pregnancy
Inhaled solvents (glue, aerosol): effects, use
A

may cause abnormally small head, crossed eyes, and other indications of brain damage
STOP

57
Q

Describe preterm

usually associated with…

A

when birth that occurs at 35 or fewer weeks after conception

low birthweight

58
Q

describe small for gestational age (SGA)

suggests…

A

birthweight is significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception
suggests impairment throughout prenatal development and serious problems

59
Q

What is a low birth weight?

A

less than 2500 grams (5 1/2 pounds) at birth

60
Q

In the US, there has been a steady ____ in LBW over the past 25 years
__% of newborns are seriously underweight
more susceptible to…

A

increase
8%
teratogens, higher birth risks, lower survival rate

61
Q

What is a very low birth weight?

A

under 1500 grams (3 pounds 5 oz) at birth

62
Q

What is an extremely low birth weight?

A

under 1000 grams (2 pounds, 3 oz) at birth

63
Q

What are the causes of low birth weight?

A
  1. teratogens, like tobacco and drug use
  2. Genetic predisposition
  3. Low weight gain in birth mother
  4. inadequate nutrition
  5. vitamin deficiency
64
Q

About __ of all women experience physical problems after birth

A

1/2

65
Q

About __ and ___ % of women experience postpartum depression, feelings of…
symptoms…
may involve…
varied causes: …

A

8-15%
sadness and inadequacy
symptoms from baby blues to postpartum psychosis
may involve struggles with adequate baby care
varied causes: changes in hormones, stress

66
Q

Bonding
____ ____ can have lingering impacts on later life
Mothers and fathers should help with…if…

A

birth complications

early caregiving if newborn must stay in the hospital

67
Q

What is kangaroo care? Allows…

Research confirms…

A

a child-care technique in which the mother of an LBW infant holds the baby between the breasts; allows baby to hear the mother’s heartbeat and feel her body heat
beneficial effects

HDFS 2010 (7 decks)

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