Chapter Seven: Exam One Flashcards
Satisfying a child’s basic needs with care, consistency, and continuity makes babies feel secure and appeases their first crisis of psychosocial development called:
trust versus mistrust
Jen is sitting on her mom’s lap looking at pictures on her mother’s iPhone. Jen points to a picture of herself and her dad and says, “I!” What age would you estimate Jen to be?
16 months
Emily is playing with her baby Bella, making faces to encourage smiles and tickling her feet as she giggles. The minute Bella starts to show a frown, Emily picks up Bella to soothe her. Emily is showing
synchrony
A child who seeks contact when distressed would be considered:
secure
Infant and toddler daycare is potentially detrimental to development when:
Caregivers are well-trained professionals.
The environment is clean and safe.
There is a low caregiver-to-infant ratio.
Language-communication is kept to a minimum.
There is a low caregiver-to-infant ratio.
An infant’s social smile appears when? What is it evoked by?
6 weeks; evoked by viewing human faces
When does an infant start laughing? Laughter is often associated with _____
3 to 4 months; often associated with curiosity
An infant’s first expressions of anger begin at around what age?
Anger is a healthy response to _____
6 months
frustration
Sadness indicates _____ and is accompanied by…
Sadness is a _____ experience for infants
indicates withdrawal and is accompanied by increased production of cortisol
stressful experience for infants
Fear emerges at about what age? in response to what? two types of fear in infants include…
emerges at about 9 months in response to people, things, or situations
stranger wariness and separation anxiety
What is stranger wariness in infants?
infant no longer smiles at any friendly face, but cries or looks frightened when an unfamiliar face moves too close
What is separation anxiety in infants? At what age should a caregiver be worried if this behavior continues and why?
Tears, dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves, it it remains strong after age 3, it may be considered an emotional disorder
Toddler’s emotions: ____ and ____ become less frequent and more focused
anger and fear
Toddler’s emotions: laughing and crying become…
louder and more discriminating
What new emotions appear in a toddler?
pride, shame, embarrassment, guilt
Toddler’s emotions: require what two things?
requires an awareness of other people
requires an awareness of the self
What is self-awareness?
The realization that one’s body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people
self-awareness: the first 4 months…
infants have no sense of self; may see themselves as part of their mothers
self-awareness: at 5 months…
begin to develop an awareness of themselves as separate from their mothers
Describe what the mirror recognition experiment did
Babies aged 9-24 months looked into a mirror after a dot of rouge had been put on their noses
What were the results of the mirror recognition experiment?
None of those younger than 12 months old reacted as if they knew the mark was on them
15- to 24-month-olds showed self-awareness by touching their own noses with curiosity
What emotions emerge at birth?
crying, contentment
What emotion emerges at 6 weeks?
social smile
What emotions emerge at 3 months?
laughter, curiosity
What emotion emerges at 4 months?
full, responsive smiles
What emotion emerges at 4-8 months?
anger
What emotion emerges at 9-14 months?
fear of social events (strangers, separation from caregiver)
What emotion emerges at 12 months?
fear of unexpected sights and sounds
What emotions emerge at 18 months?
self-awareness; pride, shame, embarrassment
What two things can influence the norms of development, especially for emotional development after the first 8 months?
culture and experience
A friend tells you she is worried about her 12-month-old daughter because she has displayed characteristics of separation anxiety every time she leaves for work. Should she be worried?
No, should only be worried if the behavior consists after she turns 3 years old
Emotional self-regulation is directly connected to…
the anterior cingulate gyrus
Particular people begin to arouse specific emotions. For example, toddlers…
Memory triggers specific ____ based on previous experiences
toddlers get angry when teased by an older sibling or react with fear when entering the doctor’s office
emotions
What does the hypothalamus do?
It may grow more slowly if an infant is often ____
regulates various bodily functions and hormone production
stressed
____ is a form of chronic stress that has potential long-term effects on a child’s emotional development
abuse
Excessive ____ in infants must be prevented
stress
Spanking: shame on who?
Not on toddlers, who are naturally _____ and ____ but maybe not on the father either.
Both depression and spanking are affected by…
curious and careless
financial stress, marital conflict, and cultural norms
How can we help infants avoid stress?
supporting new mothers, involving new fathers in the care of the infant, strengthening the parent’s relationship, programs aimed to reduce financial stress for parents
What is temperament?
inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation
Temperament is _____, originating in the ____ but affected by _____ _____
epigenetic; genes; child-rearing practices
The found 4 categories of infant temperament, what are they? %?
Easy (40%)
Difficult (10%)
Slow to warm up (15%)
Hard to classify (35%)
The N.Y. Longitudinal Study Findings (started in the 1960s) also found that parenting practices are ____ and that temperament can…
crucial; change or be changed
N.Y. Longitudinal Study Findings (started in the 1960s)
Later, research confirmed and replicated temperament styles of childhood and they are… describe
Effortful control (ability to pay attention) Negative mood (fearful, angry, unhappy) Surgency (activity, sociability)
Each of the three dimensions (effortful control, negative mood, surgency) is associated with…
distinctive brain patterns as well as behavior, and each predicts later personality
What is synchrony?
a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant
Synchrony in the first few months becomes more ____ and more _____
frequent, elaborate
Synchrony helps infants…
helps infants learn to read others emotions and to develop the skills of social interaction
Synchrony usually begins with…
parents imitating infants
What happens in a still-face technique experiment?
an experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face to face interaction with the infant
How do babies feel about the still-face technique?
Babies are very upset by the still face and show signs of stress
What conclusions follow from the still-face technique experiment?
a parent’s responsiveness to an infant aids psychological and biological development
Infant’s brains need social interaction to develop to their fullest potential
Attachment involves…
the lasting emotional bond that one person has with another
Attachment begins to form in early ____ and influences a person’s…
infancy; close relationships throughout life
Attachment overtakes _____
Demonstrated through…
synchrony
proximity-seeking; contact-maintaining
Stage of attachment at birth-6 weeks?
preattachment
Stage of attachment at 6 weeks-8 months?
attachment in the making
Stage of attachment at 8 months-2 years?
classic secure attachment
Stage of attachment at 2-6 years?
attachment as launching pad
Stage of attachment at 8-12 years?
mutual attachment
Stage of attachment at 12-18 years?
new attachment figures
Stage of attachment at 18 years on?
attachment revisited
Describe secure attachment (type _)
relationship (type B) in which infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
Describe insecure-avoidant attachment (type _)
the pattern of attachment (type A) in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver’s presence, departure, or return
Describe insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (type _)
(type C) An infant’s anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion
Describe disorganized attachment (type _)
(type D) A type of attachment that is marked by an infant’s inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return
If a child is type A insecure-avoidant, how do they act... In the playroom: When the mother leaves: When the mother returns: What percent of toddlers?
In the playroom: the child plays happily
When the mother leaves: the child continues playing
When the mother returns: the child ignores her
10-20%
If a child is type B secure, how do they act... In the playroom: When the mother leaves: When the mother returns: What percent of toddlers?
In the playroom: child plays happily
When the mother leaves: child pauses, is not as happy
When the mother returns: child welcomes her, returns to playing
50-70%
If a child is type C insecure-resistant/ambivalent, how do they act... In the playroom: When the mother leaves: When the mother returns: What percent of toddlers?
In the playroom: child clings, preoccupied with mom
When the mother leaves: child is unhappy, may stop playing
When the mother returns: child is angry, may cry, hit mom, cling
10-20%
If a child is type D disorganized, how do they act... In the playroom: When the mother leaves: When the mother returns: What percent of toddlers?
In the playroom: child is cautious
When the mother leaves: child may stare/yell, looks scared/confused
When the mother returns: Child acts oddly, may scream, hits self, throws things
5-10%
Secure attachment is more likely if:
- The parent is usually sensitive and responsive to the infant’s needs
- The infant-parent relationship is high in synchrony
- The infant’s temperament is “easy”
- The parents are not stressed about income, other children, or their marriage
Insecure attachment is more likely if:
- The parent mistreats the child (neglect increases type A, abuse increases type C and D)
- The mother is mentally ill (paranoia increases type D, depression increases type C)
- The parents are highly stressed about income, other children, or their marriage (parental stress increases types A and D)
- The parents are intrusive and controlling (parental domination increases type A)
- Parents are active alcoholics (alcoholic father increases type A, alcoholic mother increases type D)
- The child’s temperament is “difficult” (type C)
- The child’s temperament is “slow to warm up (type A)
Describe the strange situation
laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infant’s reactions to the stress of various adult’s comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom
Key observed behaviors in the strange situation; What does a secure child do?
- exploration of the toys; a secure toddler plays happily
- reaction to the caregiver’s departure; a secure child misses the caregiver
- reaction to the caregiver’s return; a secure toddler welcomes the caregiver’s reappearance
Findings (development of social bonds)
harsh contexts, especially the stresses of _____, reduce the incidence of ____ attachment
____ attachment correlates with many later problems
poverty; secure
insecure
_____ attachment may be a sign but may not be the direct cause of later problems
Attachment behaviors in the strange situation constitute only one indication of the quality of the ______
insecure
parent-child relationship
Insights from Romania
In the early 1990s, thousands of children were adopted from Romanian orphanages. Many of these children displayed _____ outcomes
Research on them confirms that _____ _____, not genetics, is the main problem
adverse
early experience
Describe adult attachment styles \_\_\_\_\_ perspective \_\_\_\_\_ relationships in adulthood May be related to earlier \_\_\_\_\_ (\_\_\_\_\_\_ model) \_\_\_\_\_ effects of attachment
lifespan perspective
close relationships in adulthood
maybe related to earlier attachment
("internal working" model)
cumulative effects of attachmentBartholomew and Horowitz (1991) Secure: Dismissing: Preoccupied self: Fearful:
Secure: (positive self-positive others)
Dismissing: (positive self-negative others)
Preoccupied self: (negative self-positive others)
Fearful: (negative self-negative others)
