Chapter Two: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Flashcards by Ireland Whitaker

What is Dalton’s Atomic Theory? (4)

Each element is composed of atoms
All atoms of an element are identical, different atom = different element
Atoms of one element can’t be changed into a different atom, not created nor destroyed
Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine

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mono

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tri

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tetra

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penta

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hexa

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hepta

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octa

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nona

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deca

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Law of Constant Composition:

in a given compound, the relative numbers and kinds of atoms are constant

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Law of Conservation of Mass:

the total mass of materials present after a chemical reaction is the same as the total mass present before the chemical reaction

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Law of Multiple Proportions:

If two elements, A and B, combine to form more than one compound, then the masses of B that combine with a given mass of A are in the ratio of small whole numbers

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Who discovered Cathode Rays and created the Plum Pudding model?

J.J. Thompson

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What are cathode rays?

Streams of electrons
produced when a high voltage is applied to electrodes in an evacuated tube

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What was the plum pudding model?

Negative electrons in a positive spread

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What did Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie, and Rutherford discover?

Radioactivity through uranium

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What did Rutherford find through his extensive research of radioactivity?

Alpha, Beta, and Gamma rays

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What did Rutherford discover through his alpha-scattering experiment (gold foil experiment)?

Nucleus

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What is the alpha radiation?

positive charges

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What is the beta radiation?

High-speed electrons

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What is the Gamma radiation?

high-energy electromagnetic radiation

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What is mass number?

The number of protons plus neutrons

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What is the atomic number

The number of protons

Isotope:

atoms of the same element containing different numbers of neutrons and therefore having different masses

Angstrom:

A common non-SI unit of length that is used to measure atomic dimensions

How do you find the ionic charge of a transition metal?

By looking at the ionic charge of what it is bonded to, must make the compound neutral

ate changes to…

ous changes to…

ite

ide of an acid changes to….

when changing ide to ic in a acid what prefix must be added?

hydro

ate of an acid changes to…

ite of an acid changes to…

ous

What is Group 1A considered?

Alkali Metals

What is Group 2A considered?

Alkaline Earth Metals

What is Group 6A considered?

Chalcogens

What is Group 7A considered?

Halogens

What is Group 8A considered?

Noble Gases

What are the 7 Diatomic Elements

Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine

Molecular compounds are composed of….

only nonmetals

Ionic compounds contain….

metals and nonmetals

Monatomic anions are formed by _____________ with the exception of noble gases

nonmetals

Monatomic cations are formed by _____________

metals

this formula gives the lowest whole-number ration of atoms of each element in a compound

empirical formula

this formula gives the exact number of atoms of each element in a compound

molecular formula

What is the charge of those in 1A?

What is the charge of those in 2A

What is the charge of those in 3A?

What is the charge of those in 7A?

What is the charge of those in 6A?

What is the charge of those in 5A?

What type of compound typically has a metal combined with a nonmetal?

Ionic compound

What portion of the ionic compound is almost always positive?

metal

Ag+

Silver

Fe2+

iron (II)

Cu+

Copper (I)

Sn2+

tin (II)

Pb2+

Lead (II)

Zn2+

Zinc

Fe3+

Iron (III)

Cu2+

Copper (II)

Sn4+

Tin (IV)

Pb4+

Lead (IV)

What are the two rules for naming ionic compounds?

1. if the cation can have more than one possible charge, write the charge as a roman numeral 2. if the anion is an element, change its ending to -die

Carbonate

Nitrate

Nitrite

Phosphate

Phosphite

Sulfate

Sulfite

Perchlorate

Chlorate

Chlorite

hypochlorite

perbromate

Bromate

Bromite

hypobromite

periodate

Iodate

Iodite

hypoiodite

Hydrogen Phosphate

Dihydrogen phosphate

Phosphoric acid

If the anion in the acid is, after a hydrogen, an oxyanion that ends in -ate, change the ending to…

-ic acid

If the anion in the acid (that is after a Hydrogen) ends in -ide, change the ending to _______ and add the prefix ___________

- ic acid - hydro

Hydroxide

Acetate

Cyanide

peroxide

Ammonium

What are the three rules in naming a molecular compound?

1. The atom farther to left, or down, on PT is listed first 2. A prefix is used to denote the number of atoms in each element 3. The ending on the right element is changed to -ide

What are the two rules for Organic compound formulas?

1. List all elements in their alphabetical order after C and H 2. Do not reduce the formulas