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Chemistry 121 > Chapter One: Matter, Energy, and Measurement > Flashcards

Chapter One: Matter, Energy, and Measurement Flashcards

1
Q

What is Matter?

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass. It is the physical material of the universe and is comprised of elements.

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2
Q

What is a Property?

A

The only characteristic that allows us to recognize a particular type of matter and to distinguish it from other types.

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3
Q

What is an Element? How many are there?

A

There are 118 elements. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Each element is composed of a unique one of atom.

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4
Q

What is an Atom?

A

The smallest representative particle of an element. The almost infinitely small building blocks of matter.

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5
Q

What is a Molecule?

A

A chemical combination of two or more atoms.
Even the smallest difference in composition can cause profound differences in properties.

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6
Q

What does a Chemist do? (3)

A
  1. Make new types of matter: materials, substances, or combinations of substances with desired properties
  2. Measure the properties of matter
  3. Develop models that explain and/or predict the properties of matter
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7
Q

Gas

A

No fixed shape or volume
Uniformally fills container
Can be compressed to occupy a smaller volume or expand to occupy a larger one

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8
Q

Liquid

A

Distinct volume
Takes shape of its container
Not compressible

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9
Q

Solid

A

Definite shape and volume
Not compressible

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10
Q

What is a Pure Substance?

A

Matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties that do not vary from sample to sample Either an element or a compound

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11
Q

What is a Compound?

A

Substances composed of two or more elements (two or more kinds of atoms)

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12
Q

What elements account for over 90% of the human body?

A

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen

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13
Q

Law of Constant Composition (Law of Definite Proportions)

A

a law that states that the elemental composition of a compound is always the same

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14
Q

Heterogenous

A

Vary in texture and appearance

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15
Q

Homogenous

A

(Solution) Uniform

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16
Q

What is a Physical Property? Examples?

A

Properties that can be measured without changing the composition of a substance
Color, Freezing Point, Odor, Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Hardness

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17
Q

What is a Chemical Property? Examples?

A

Properties that describe the way a substance may change, or react, to form other substances Flammability, Reactivity, Oxidation

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18
Q

What is an Intensive Property? Examples?

A

Does not depend on the amount of sample being examined
Temperature and Melting Point

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19
Q

What is an Extensive Property? Examples?

A

Dependent on the amount of sample
Mass and Volume

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20
Q

Define a Physical Change:

A

When a substance changes its physical appearance but not its composition (changes of state)

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21
Q

Define a Chemical Change:

A

When a substance is transformed into a chemically different substance (chemical rxn)

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22
Q

What is Distillation?

A

A separation process that depends on the different abilities of substances to form gases

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23
Q

Define Energy:

A

The capacity to do work or to transfer heat

24
Q

Define Work:

A

The energy transferred when a force exerted on an object causes a displacement (movement of that object)

25
Define Heat:
The energy that causes the temperature of an object to increase. The flow of energy from a body at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature when they are placed in thermal contact
26
Define Kinetic Energy: Formula?
The energy that an object possesses by virtue of its motion Ek = 1/2(mv)^2
27
Define Potential Energy:
The energy that an object possesses as a result of its position with respect to another object
28
Define Chemical Energy:
The energy released when bonds between atoms are formed and the energy that is consumed when bonds between atoms are broken
29
What is a Derived Unit?
An SI unit that is obtained by multiplication or division of one or more of the SI base units (EX: m^3)
30
Chemistry Scientific Method (5)
1. Collect Information 2. Formulate a Hypothesis 3. Test the Hypothesis 4. Formulate a Theory 5. Repeatedly test the Theory
31
The Celsius Scale is…
a temperature scale at which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees at sea level
32
Celsius to Kelvin Equation:
K = C + 273.15
33
The Kelvin Scale is…
the SI temperature scale. Zero on the Kelvin Scale is the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases (absolute zero)
34
Define Joule:
The SI unit of energy
35
Definitely Calorie:
A unit of energy in which it is needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celcius from 14.5 to 15.5 degrees Celcius
36
Define Precision:
The closeness of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity
37
Define Accuracy:
A measure of how closely individual measurements agree with the correct or “true” value
38
Are zeroes between nonzero digits significant?
Yes
39
Are zeroes at the beginning of a number significant?
No
40
Are zeroes at the end of a number significant?
Only if the number contains a decimal point
41
How many significant figures in the result of addition and subtraction?
Same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest
42
How many significant figures in result of multiplication and division?
Same significant figures as the measurement with the fewest
43
What is Dimensional Analysis?
A method used to convert one unit to another through multiplication or division (tracks)
44
What is a Conversion Factor?
A fraction whose numerator and denominator are the same quantity expressed in different units (used in dimensional analysis)
45
Kilo
1000
46
Centi
0.01
47
Milli
0.001
48
Nano
10^-9
49
What temperature does water freeze on the celsius scale?
0
50
What temperature in celsius is normal body temperature?
37
51
What temperature in celsius does water boil?
100
52
At what temperature in fahrenheit does water boil?
212
53
At what temperature in fahrenheit is the normal body temp?
98.6
54
At what temperature in fahrenheit does water freeze?
32
55
At what temperature in Kelvin does water boil?
373
56
At what temperature in Kelvin is normal body temperature?
310
57
At what temperature in Kelvin does water freeze?
273

Chemistry 121 (9 decks)

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