Chapter Seven: Periodic Properties of the Elements

Question 1

Mendeleev and Meyer both noted that similar chemical and physical properties recur periodically when the elements are arranged in order of increasing…

Answer 1

atomic weight

Question 2

Moseley found that each element produced x-rays of a unique frequency and that the frequency generally increased as…increased

Answer 2

atomic mass

Question 3

Moseley arranged the x-ray frequencies in order by assigning a unique whole number also known as a…to each element

Answer 3

Atomic Number

Question 4

What law?
- The strength of the interaction between two electrical charges depends on the magnitudes of the charges and on the distance between them

Answer 4

Coulomb’s Law

Question 5

The attractive force between an electron and the nucleus depends on the magnitude of the nuclear charge and on the average…between the nucleus and the electron

Answer 5

distance

Question 6

The force increases as does nuclear charge, it decreases as the electron moves…from the nucleus

Answer 6

farther

Question 7

In addition to the attraction of each electron to the nucleus, each electron experiences the repulsion due to other…

Answer 7

electrons

Question 8

Each electron in a many-electron atom is…from the nucleus by the other electrons

Answer 8

screened

Question 9

When an electron is screened by another electron, it experiences a net attraction…than it would experience in the absence of other electrons

Answer 9

smaller

Question 10

What kind of charge?
- the net positive charge experienced by an electron in a many-electron atom; this charge is not the full nuclear charge because there is some shielding the nucleus by the other electrons in the atom

Answer 10

Effective Nuclear Charge

Question 11

What kind of radius?
- The radius of an atom is defined by the distances separating it from other atoms to which it is chemically bonded

Answer 11

Bonding Atomic Radius

Question 12

Within each group, bonding atomic radius tends to…from top to bottom

Answer 12

increase

Question 13

Within each period, bonding atomic radius tends to…from left to right

Answer 13

decrease

Question 14

The size of an ion depends on its nuclear charge, the number of…it possesses, and the orbitals that are most spatially extended from nucleus

Answer 14

electrons

Question 15

What type of energy?
- minimum energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of the isolated gaseous atom or ion

Answer 15

Ionization Energy

Question 16

The magnitude of the ionization energy tells us how much energy is required to…an electron

Answer 16

remove

Question 17

The greater the ionization energy, the more difficult it is to…an electron

Answer 17

remove

Question 18

Every element exhibits a large increase in ionization energy when the first of its inner shell electrons is…

Answer 18

removed

Question 19

Ionization generally…as we move left to right across a period

Answer 19

increases

Question 20

Ionization generally…as we move down any column in the periodic table

Answer 20

decreases

Question 21

In general, smaller atoms have…ionization energies

Answer 21

higher

Question 22

The energy needed to remove an electron from the outermost occupied shell depends on both the effective nuclear charge and the average…of the electron from the nucleus.

Answer 22

distance

Question 23

When electrons are removed from an atom to form a cation, they are always removed first from the occupied orbitals having the largest…

Answer 23

principal quantum number

Question 24

The first ionization energy of an atom is a measure of the energy change associated with removing an electron from the atom to form a…

Answer 24

cation

Question 25

All ionization energies for atoms are...

Answer 25

positive

Question 26

Energy must be...to remove an electron

Answer 26

absorbed

Question 27

What is affinity? - the energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a gaseous atom or ion

Answer 27

Electron Affinity

Question 28

Ionization energy measures the energy change when an atom...an electron

Answer 28

loses

Question 29

Electron affinity measures the energy change when an atom...an electron

Answer 29

gains

Question 30

The greater the attraction between an atom and an added electron, the more...the atom's electron affinity

Answer 30

negative

Question 31

Metals tend to have...ionization energies and therefore tend to form cations relatively easily

Answer 31

low

Question 32

Because of a nonmetal's relatively large, negative electron affinities, nonmetals tend to...electrons when they react with metals

Answer 32

gain

Question 33

The first ionization energies of the alkaline earth metals are low but not as low as those of the...

Answer 33

Alkali Metals

Question 34

Alkaline earth metals are...reactive than their alkali metal neighbors

Answer 34

less

Question 35

The reactivity of hydrogen with nonmetals reflects its much greater tendency to hold on to its ...

Answer 35

electron

Question 36

...has a great tendency to attract electrons from other elements

Answer 36

Oxygen

Question 37

Nonmetals melting and boiling points increase with increasing...

Answer 37

Atomic Number