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Neuroscience > chapter twenty two > Flashcards

chapter twenty two Flashcards

1
Q

branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders

A

neurology

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2
Q

branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders that affect the mind

A

psychiatry

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3
Q

of thought, mood or behavior that causes distress or impaired functioning

A

diagnosable disorder

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4
Q

father of behaviorism

A

B.F. Skinner

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5
Q

using genetic information to develop treatment

A

molecular medicine

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6
Q

activated sympathetic nervous system

A

physiological anxiety symptom

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7
Q

CRH—-> ACTH—–> cortisol : what is this oathway

A

stress response

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8
Q

stress response is regulated by the ____ _____ by amygdala and hippocampus

A

HPA axis

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9
Q

the _____ and _____ both receive input from the PFC

A

amygdala and hippocampus

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10
Q

what structure integrates extra-amygdala information

A

BLA

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11
Q

the basolateral nucleus receives ______ sensory input from the thalamus and ______ inputs from the neocortex

A

ascending, descending

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12
Q

what structure integrates intra-amygdala information

A

Central nucleus (CeA)

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13
Q

the CeA receives infro relayed by ____ and activation leads to ____ response

A

basolateral nucleus and stress

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14
Q

systematic desensitization

A

psychotherapy

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15
Q

three anxiolytic drugs

A

GABA, serotonin, CRH

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16
Q

recurrent, intrusive thoughts , images, ideas or impulses that cause marked anxiety or distress

A

obsessions

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17
Q

repetitive behaviors which serve to neutralize anxiety associated with obsessions

A

compulsions

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18
Q

4 affective disorders

A

depression, bipolar disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

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19
Q

depression that persists longer than 2 weeks but usually <2 years duration

A

major depressive

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20
Q

depression with less severe symptoms than major depressive disorder, chronic does not improve like MDD

A

dysthymia, persistent depressive disorder

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21
Q

lowered mood and decreased pleasire or interest in all activities is a primary symptom of

A

major depression

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22
Q

three types of bipolar disorder

A

manic-depressive disorder, mania (type I) , and hypomania (type II)

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23
Q

abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood is a primary symptom of

A

mania

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24
Q

may occur with or without major depression, impairment in judgment and performance: is what type of mania

A

I

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25
Q

always accompanied by depressive episodes, milder symptoms of mania, judgement and performance are not impaired: is what type of mania

A

II

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26
Q

problem with the ____ ____ ___ cause mood disorders

A

diffuse modulatory systems

27
Q

low levels of norepinephrine or serotonin causes what?

A

depression

28
Q

excess of NE/5-HT causes what?

A

mania

29
Q

inhibiting MAOI’s by monoamine oxidase inhibitors increases what

A

norepinephrine and serotonin

30
Q

cocaine and amphetamines block DA/NE transporters, increasing ______

A

mood

31
Q

what are the most prescribed antidepressants

A

SSRI’s

32
Q

SSRI’s mechanism of action

A

selective blockade of serotonin (5-HT) uptake

33
Q

chronic SSRI treatment causes feedback systems to become _____, 5-HT levels rise

A

desensitized

34
Q

using SSRI treatment ______ may allow 5-HT receptors to normalize

A

chronically

35
Q

genetic predisposition for a disorder

A

diathesis

36
Q

HPA axis is the major site where genetics and environment converge to cause mood disorder

A

stress

37
Q

glucocorticoid receptor gene expression is regulated by ___ _____

A

early experience

38
Q

early childhood abuse and neglect ______ glucocorticoid receptors

A

decreased

39
Q

______ of HPA axis in severely depressed patients

A

hyperactivity

40
Q

disruption of normal feedback system is associated with ____ brain CRH

A

elevated

41
Q

HPA axis dysregulation can be caused by decreased ____ _____ receptor expression

A

hippocampal glucocorticoid

42
Q

HPA axis dysregulation can be caused by chronic high levels of _____ - hippocampal damage

A

cortisol

43
Q

proliferation of new neurons in hippocampus

A

neurogenesis

44
Q

_____ is an important protein in neurogenesis/ synapse development

A

BDNF

45
Q

electrical stimulation _____ activity in brain circuits that are chronically overactive

A

decreases

46
Q

electrode for deep brain stimulation is implanted in _____ ____ ___

A

Brodmann’s area 25

47
Q

lithium is a ____ _____

A

mood stabilizer

48
Q

_____ is used to help patients overcome negative thoughts and effective to mild depression

A

psychotherapy

49
Q

ECT is a localized electrical stimulation in the ___ ____

A

temporal lobe

50
Q

these symptoms of schizophrenia are positive or negative? delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior

A

positive

51
Q

these symptoms of schizophrenia are positive or negative? flattened affect, diminished emotional range, poverty of speech, social withdraw, loss of motivation

A

negative

52
Q

attention, working and episodic memory are impaired due to ___ ___ in schizophrenia

A

cognitive dysfunction

53
Q

diagnosis: presence of at least ____ symptoms for a month, one being delusions, hallucinations or disorganized speech (____ symptoms)

A

two, positive

54
Q

idential twins have a ____ chance of developing schizophrenia if one has it

A

50%

55
Q

might be a higher incidence in schizophrenia for ____

A

males

56
Q

____ have earlier onset of schizophrenia

A

males

57
Q

impairment in males is, on average, ___ than in women, males respond less to _____

A

greater, antipsychotics

58
Q

biological changes, perinatal factors, possible cannabis use. all of these interacting is called

A

two or three hit hypothesis

59
Q

interaction of genetic vulnerability with some environmental stressor

A

vulnerability-stress model

60
Q

physical changes in the brain for schizophrenia are

A
  1. disorganization of neurons in the cortex and hippocampus
  2. enlarged lateral ventricles
61
Q

abnormally high _____ activity levels: possible cause

A

dopamine

62
Q

substances that inhibit DA release or block DA receptors are effective at reducing _____ symptoms

A

positive

63
Q

_____ NMDAR expression (glutamate) causes behavioral phenotype that looks like antisocial behavior

A

reducing

Neuroscience (11 decks)

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