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Neuroscience > chapter twenty three > Flashcards

chapter twenty three Flashcards

1
Q

cell layers lining central vesicle

A

ventricular zone

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2
Q

cell layer on the outside (by pia mater)

A

marginal zone

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3
Q

neural stem cells in the ventricular zone divide to give rise to neuron and glia, mutipotent

A

radial glial cells

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4
Q

can turn into any kind of brain cell

A

multipotent

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5
Q

symmetrical division in cell proliferation gives rise to ____ cells that ____ in sub-ventricular zone

A

daughter; stay

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6
Q

asymmetrical division in cell proliferation gives rise to ____ cells that ____ in sub-ventricular zone, _____ further divide

A

daughter; migrates; cannot

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7
Q

pyramidal cells and astrocytes migrate ______ from ventricular zone of dorsal telencephalon (along thin radial glial fibers)

A

vertically

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8
Q

inhibitory GABAergic interneurons and oligo. migrate _____ from ventral telencephalon

A

laterally

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9
Q

cells take the appearance and charac. of a neuron ____ reaching its destination based on chemical environment

A

after

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10
Q

growing end of a neurite

A

growth cone

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11
Q

flat waving sheets at tip of growth cone

A

lamellipodia

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12
Q

_______ _____ protein gives developing pyramidal neurons the characteristic shape

A

semaphorin 3A

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13
Q

cortical ______ in the ventricular zone replicated by radial glial guides

A

“protomap”

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14
Q

set of genetic instructions orchestrated from within ____ ____ dictates cortical organization

A

ventricular zone

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15
Q

mature cortical sheet is a “____ ____” of interconnecting neurons

A

patchwork quilt

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16
Q

some neural precursor cells “stray”- expression of certain______ ______ dictates destination

A

transcription factors

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17
Q

_____ _ expression associated with rostral cortical destination

A

Pax6

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18
Q

_____ _ expression associated with caudal cortical destination

A

Emx2

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19
Q

three phases of axon guidance

A
  1. pathway selection, 2. target selection, 3. address selection
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20
Q

(growing axon: pathway)- axon travels along _______ ______ which has substrates filopodia can grab

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

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21
Q

substrate on ECM

A

laminin molecules

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22
Q

on filopodia, can bind to laminin to elongate axon

A

integrin molecules

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23
Q

“stretch” as nervous system expands

A

pioneer axons

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24
Q

axons traveling together stick together

A

fasciculation

25
Q

signals that attract or repel a growth cone based on each growth cone’s surface molecules

A

guidance cues

26
Q

chemical signal acting over a distance to draw growth cones toward it

A

chemoattractant

27
Q

diffiusable molecule that drives axon growth cones away

A

chemorepellant

28
Q

chemoattractant for axon to grow towards midline

A

netrin

29
Q

chemorepellant for axon to move away from midline after it decussates

A

slit

30
Q

the fate of a neural stem cell is determined while it is in the ____ ____

A

subventrical zone

31
Q

chemical markers on growing on axons are matched with complementary chemical markers on their targets

A

chemoaffinity hypothesis

32
Q

two processes for refining brain connections after axons have found their targets

A

cell death; synaptic pruning

33
Q

neurons compete for trophic factors, neurons with insufficient trophic factor exposure will die by _____

A

apoptosis; cell death

34
Q

Synaptic capacity peaks in development and declines as neurons mature
* Many causes for pruning: hormones, experience, stress
* Synaptic connections not part of a functional network are pruned away in an experience-dependent manner

A

synaptic pruning

35
Q

Developmental period during which such rearrangement is possible; Developmental “window” during which some event has a long-lasting influence on the brain

A

critical period

36
Q

change from one pattern of innervation to another

A

Activity-dependent synaptic
rearrangement

37
Q

prenatal: specific chemical
signals sent out by different cells to
organize neural connections

A

chemoaffinity

38
Q

postnatal: Connections become more
precise with the passage of time due to
correlated activity of their inputs

A

experience

39
Q

“When the axon of cell A is near
enough to excite a cell B and
repeatedly or persistently takes part
in firing it, some growth process or
metabolic change takes place in one
or both cells such that A’s efficiency,
as one of the cells firing B, is
increased.

A

hebb synapse

40
Q

“Cells that fire together wire
together”
* Winner-takes-all

A

hebbian modification

41
Q

input from
each eye kept separate

A

ocular
dominance columns

42
Q

Postnatal or prenatal: Fine-tuning of connections
proceeds in an activity-
dependent manner

A

postnatal

43
Q

_____ _____ leads to ocular dominance shift

A

synaptic competition

44
Q

Rapid changes in ocular domincance ______ be due to gross changes in axonal arborization

A

cannot

45
Q

the rapid changes in ocular dominance must be changes in ______ -_____ of the synapse

A

molecular composition

46
Q

A condition in which vision in one eye is reduced as a result of disuse; usually caused by a failure of the two eyes to point in the same direction

A

amblyopia

47
Q

Related condition where the two eyes are not perfectly aligned (“cross-eyed”)

A

strabismus

48
Q

Monocular deprivation depends on what two neurotransmitter systems

A

NE and Ach

49
Q

what are the two basic rules for synaptic modification

A

Neurons that fire together wire together

Neurons that fire out of sync lose their link

50
Q

traditional glutamate-gated receptors that conduct sodium only

A

AMPARs

51
Q

glutamate-gated receptors that conduct sodium and calcium, but only when the magnesium block is removed

A

NMDARs

52
Q

metabotropic glutamate receptors also play a role

A

mGluRs

53
Q

NMDARs have two unique properties

A

they are voltage-gated (needs to be alot of action to remove Mg to sufficiently depolarize )
they conduct Ca

54
Q

Pre- and postsynaptic neurons fire ___ _____

A

in sync

55
Q

Strength of synaptic transmission increased by ______ NMDAR activation

A

strong

56
Q

In response to stimulation at a synapse, changed amplitude of an excitatory postsynaptic potential that lasts for hours to days or longer
is what? (plays part in associative learning)

A

long-term potentiation

57
Q

when Pre- and postsynaptic neurons fire out of sync it is called

A

long term depression

58
Q

Plasticity diminishes for 3 reasons

A
  • When axon growth ceases
  • When synaptic transmission matures (properties of LTP and LTD vary with age)
  • When cortical activation is constrained (NE and ACh less effective)

Neuroscience (11 decks)

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