Chapter three

Question 1

What is perceived locus of control?

Answer 1

–How people feel about their control on life situations

Question 2

What is the difference between an internal and an external?

Answer 2

–internal: perceive that their efforts make a difference when facing a problem. Take action to cope or solve problem. Believe they can influence events in life

–externals: Perceive that their efforts will not make a difference so they do not attempt to cope with difficult situations.

Question 3

Explain what learned helplessness is and how it can influence someone’s life?

Answer 3

–Is the passive behavior produced by the exposure to unavoidable aversive events.

–people who have little control in life experience stress, depression and feeling of helplessness.

Question 4

How can we develop an internal locus of control?

Answer 4

• -Change aspects of your envrionment
• -try new activities rather than the usual safe and secure ways of doing things
• -do more responsible tasks at home, work, or school–ex: volunteer

Question 5

what is optimism and pessimism?

Answer 5

–tendency to expect positive outcomes

–tendency to envision the future as unfavorable

Question 6

what is self-efficacy?

Answer 6

–is the belief about your ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes

Question 7

What is learned optimism?

Answer 7

As a learned way of explaining both good and bad life events that in turn enhance our perceived control and responses to them

Question 8

Why should adults be able to control their behavior and impulses better than children?

Answer 8

Because they have been exposed or experienced bad times and know how to handle them better than children.

Question 9

Observational learning?

Answer 9

Occurs when an individuals behavior is influenced by the observation of others who are called their models. (model after someone who is significant to you)

Question 10

What gets your attetnion?

Answer 10

• -Things that are novel: new, different, or unique
• -significant stimuli: things that are significant to you
• -conflicting stimuli? anything that is in conflict with your beliefs, values or marals

Question 11

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 11

when a specific stimulus can elicit a specific response

Question 12

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 12

learning through reinforcement. we are controlled by the consequences of our behavior.

Question 13

What is a primary reinforcer?

Answer 13

Pleasant or unpleasant stimuli to which we respond to automatically without learning (food, drink, cold)

Question 14

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 14

Anything that increases a behavior

Question 15

What is a negative reinforcement?

Answer 15

Anything that increases a behavior of its termination or avoidance.

-a response that decreases the liklihood of a behvavior being repeated

Question 16

Social learning theory?

Answer 16

• -by Bandura
• -Important aspect of this theory is observational learning: personality is learned in social situations through interactions and observations of other people