Chapter Ten, Development Flashcards
Development
The process of improving the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
Developed Country
A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.
Developing Country
A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of development.
Human Development Index
Measures the level of development for a country through a combination of three factors: a decent standard of living, a long and healthy life, and access to knowledge. Income, life expectancy, education. Highest is 1.0
Gross National Income (GNI)
The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country. (Per capita GNI measures people’s average wealth, not distribution)
Purchasing Power Parity
An adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods.
Gross Domestic Product
The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year. GDP does not account for money that leaves and enters the country.
Primary Sector
Activities that directly extract materials from Earth through agriculture and sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.
Secondary Sector
Includes manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products as well as industries that fabricate manufactured goods into finished consumer goods.
Tertiary Sector
Involves the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment, such as retailing, banking, law, education, and government.
Productivity
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.
Pupil Teacher Ratio
The number of enrolled students divided by the number of teachers. The fewer pupils a teacher has, the more likely that each student will receive effective instruction
Literacy Rate
The percentage of a country’s people who can read and write.
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
The IHDI modifies the HDI to account for inequality within a country. Under perfect equality, the HDI and the IHDI are the same. (lowest scores: sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia)
World Systems Theory
Immanuel Wallerstein’s theory that in an increasingly unified world economy, developed countries form an inner core area, whereas developing countries occupy peripheral locations.
Gender Inequality Index
Measures the gender gap in the level of achievement in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.
Gender Development Index
Measures the gender gap in the level of achievement for the three dimensions of the Human Development Index: income, education, and life expectancy.
Female Labor Force Participation Rate
The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home. Worldwide, 49 percent of women work outside the home, compared to 75 percent of men. In general, women in developed countries are more likely than women in developing countries to hold full-time jobs outside the home.
Adolescent Fertility Rate
The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19. The rate is 16 births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19 in developed countries and 48 in developing countries.
Foreign Direct Investment
Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
Microfinance
The provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries that are unable to obtain loans from commercial banks.
Structural Adjustment Program
Contains economic “reforms” or “adjustments,” such as economic goals, strategies for achieving the objectives, and external financing requirements.
Sustainable Development Goals
Seventeen goals adopted by the UN in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by the year 2030. (Replaced 8 Millennium goals created in 2002 with a goal for 2015)
Fair Trade
International trade that provides greater equity to workers and small businesses in developing countries.
