Chapter Ten, Development

Question 1

Development

Answer 1

The process of improving the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.

Question 2

Developed Country

Answer 2

A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.

Question 3

Developing Country

Answer 3

A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of development.

Question 4

Human Development Index

Answer 4

Measures the level of development for a country through a combination of three factors: a decent standard of living, a long and healthy life, and access to knowledge. Income, life expectancy, education. Highest is 1.0

Question 5

Gross National Income (GNI)

Answer 5

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country. (Per capita GNI measures people’s average wealth, not distribution)

Question 6

Purchasing Power Parity

Answer 6

An adjustment made to the GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods.

Question 7

Gross Domestic Product

Answer 7

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year. GDP does not account for money that leaves and enters the country.

Question 8

Primary Sector

Answer 8

Activities that directly extract materials from Earth through agriculture and sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

Question 9

Secondary Sector

Answer 9

Includes manufacturers that process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products as well as industries that fabricate manufactured goods into finished consumer goods.

Question 10

Tertiary Sector

Answer 10

Involves the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment, such as retailing, banking, law, education, and government.

Question 11

Productivity

Answer 11

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.

Question 12

Pupil Teacher Ratio

Answer 12

The number of enrolled students divided by the number of teachers. The fewer pupils a teacher has, the more likely that each student will receive effective instruction

Question 13

Literacy Rate

Answer 13

The percentage of a country’s people who can read and write.

Question 14

Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)

Answer 14

The IHDI modifies the HDI to account for inequality within a country. Under perfect equality, the HDI and the IHDI are the same. (lowest scores: sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia)

Question 15

World Systems Theory

Answer 15

Immanuel Wallerstein’s theory that in an increasingly unified world economy, developed countries form an inner core area, whereas developing countries occupy peripheral locations.

Question 16

Gender Inequality Index

Answer 16

Measures the gender gap in the level of achievement in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.

Question 17

Gender Development Index

Answer 17

Measures the gender gap in the level of achievement for the three dimensions of the Human Development Index: income, education, and life expectancy.

Question 18

Female Labor Force Participation Rate

Answer 18

The percentage of women holding full-time jobs outside the home. Worldwide, 49 percent of women work outside the home, compared to 75 percent of men. In general, women in developed countries are more likely than women in developing countries to hold full-time jobs outside the home.

Question 19

Adolescent Fertility Rate

Answer 19

The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19. The rate is 16 births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19 in developed countries and 48 in developing countries.

Question 20

Foreign Direct Investment

Answer 20

Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.

Question 21

Microfinance

Answer 21

The provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries that are unable to obtain loans from commercial banks.

Question 22

Structural Adjustment Program

Answer 22

Contains economic “reforms” or “adjustments,” such as economic goals, strategies for achieving the objectives, and external financing requirements.

Question 23

Sustainable Development Goals

Answer 23

Seventeen goals adopted by the UN in 2015 to reduce disparities between developed and developing countries by the year 2030. (Replaced 8 Millennium goals created in 2002 with a goal for 2015)

Question 24

Fair Trade

Answer 24

International trade that provides greater equity to workers and small businesses in developing countries.