Chapter Eleven, Industry and Energy

Question 1

Cottage Industry

Answer 1

Home-based manufacturing. Most common prior to the Industrial Revolution.

Question 2

Site Factors

Answer 2

Industrial location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant. The three production factors that may vary among locations are labor, capital, and land.

Question 3

Labor-Intensive Industry

Answer 3

An industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high percentage of expenses.

Question 4

Fordist Production

Answer 4

A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

Question 5

Post-Fordist Production

Answer 5

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.

Question 6

Situation Factors

Answer 6

Location factors relating to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.

Question 7

Bulk Reducing Industry

Answer 7

An industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products.

Question 8

Bulk Gaining Industry

Answer 8

Makes something that gains volume or weight during production.

Question 9

Break of Bulk Point

Answer 9

A location where transfer among transportation modes is possible.

Question 10

Just-In-Time Delivery

Answer 10

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.

Question 11

Supply

Answer 11

The quantity of something that producers have available for sale.

Question 12

Demand

Answer 12

The quantity that people wish to consume and are able to buy.

Question 13

Animate Power

Answer 13

Power supplied by animals or by people themselves.

Question 14

Fossil Fuel

Answer 14

An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.

Question 15

Non-Renewable Energy

Answer 15

Fossil fuels that have finite supplies capable of being exhausted.

Question 16

Proven Reserve

Answer 16

The supply of energy remaining in deposits that have been discovered.

Question 17

Potential Reserve

Answer 17

The supply in deposits that are undiscovered but thought to exist.

Question 18

Fission

Answer 18

The process by which a nuclear power plant produces electricity from energy released by splitting uranium atoms in a controlled environment.

Question 19

Fusion

Answer 19

The fusing of hydrogen atoms to form helium.

Question 20

Renewable Energy

Answer 20

A source of energy that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people .

Question 21

Biomass Fuel

Answer 21

Derived from burning wood, plant material, and animal waste directly or converting them to charcoal, alcohol, or methane gas.

Question 22

Geothermal Energy

Answer 22

Energy from hot water or steam.

Question 23

Passive solar energy system

Answer 23

Collects energy without the use of mechanical devices.

Question 24

Active solar energy system

Answer 24

Collects solar radiation through the use of mechanical devices and converts it either to heat energy or to electricity. The conversion can be accomplished either directly or indirectly.

Question 25

Pollution

Answer 25

When more waste is added to air, water, and land than those resources can handle.

Question 26

Air Pollution

Answer 26

A concentration of trace substances at a greater level than occurs in average air. Concentrations of these trace gases in the air can damage property and adversely affect the health of people, other animals, and plants.

Question 27

Photochemical smog

Answer 27

An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions.

Question 28

Acid Deposition

Answer 28

The accumulation of acids, including sulfuric acid and nitric acid, on Earth’s surface.

Question 29

Acid Precipitation

Answer 29

Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, fog, or snow.

Question 30

Ozone

Answer 30

A gas that absorbs ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere, a zone between 15 and 50 kilometers (nine to 30 miles) above Earth’s surface. Were it not for the ozone in the stratosphere, UV rays would damage plants, cause skin cancer, and disrupt food chains.

Question 31

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

Answer 31

A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers.

Question 32

Nonconsumptive Water usage

Answer 32

Use of water that is returned to nature as a liquid. Most industrial and municipal uses of water are nonconsumptive because the wastewater is primarily discharged into lakes and streams.

Question 33

Consumptive Water Usage

Answer 33

Use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid. Most agricultural uses are consumptive because the water is used primarily to supply plants that transpire it and therefore cannot be treated and reused.

Question 34

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Answer 34

The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste.

Question 35

Point-Source pollution

Answer 35

Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source.

Question 36

Nonpoint-Source Pollution

Answer 36

Pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area.

Question 37

Sanitary Landfill

Answer 37

A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of Earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions f gasses and odors from he decaying trash, to minimize fires, and discourage vermin.

Question 38

Recycling

Answer 38

The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of the unwanted material.

Question 39

Remanufacturing

Answer 39

The rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired, and new parts.

Question 40

New International Division of Labor

Answer 40

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

Question 41

Outsourcing

Answer 41

Turning over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

Question 42

Vertical Integration

Answer 42

An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.

Question 43

Maquiladora

Answer 43

A factory built by a US company in Mexico near the US border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico.

Question 44

Right-to-work Law

Answer 44

A US law that prevents a Union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment.