Chapter Eleven, Industry and Energy Flashcards
Cottage Industry
Home-based manufacturing. Most common prior to the Industrial Revolution.
Site Factors
Industrial location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant. The three production factors that may vary among locations are labor, capital, and land.
Labor-Intensive Industry
An industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high percentage of expenses.
Fordist Production
A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.
Post-Fordist Production
Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.
Situation Factors
Location factors relating to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.
Bulk Reducing Industry
An industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products.
Bulk Gaining Industry
Makes something that gains volume or weight during production.
Break of Bulk Point
A location where transfer among transportation modes is possible.
Just-In-Time Delivery
Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.
Supply
The quantity of something that producers have available for sale.
Demand
The quantity that people wish to consume and are able to buy.
Animate Power
Power supplied by animals or by people themselves.
Fossil Fuel
An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.
Non-Renewable Energy
Fossil fuels that have finite supplies capable of being exhausted.
Proven Reserve
The supply of energy remaining in deposits that have been discovered.
Potential Reserve
The supply in deposits that are undiscovered but thought to exist.
Fission
The process by which a nuclear power plant produces electricity from energy released by splitting uranium atoms in a controlled environment.
Fusion
The fusing of hydrogen atoms to form helium.
Renewable Energy
A source of energy that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people .
Biomass Fuel
Derived from burning wood, plant material, and animal waste directly or converting them to charcoal, alcohol, or methane gas.
Geothermal Energy
Energy from hot water or steam.
Passive solar energy system
Collects energy without the use of mechanical devices.
Active solar energy system
Collects solar radiation through the use of mechanical devices and converts it either to heat energy or to electricity. The conversion can be accomplished either directly or indirectly.
Pollution
When more waste is added to air, water, and land than those resources can handle.
Air Pollution
A concentration of trace substances at a greater level than occurs in average air. Concentrations of these trace gases in the air can damage property and adversely affect the health of people, other animals, and plants.
Photochemical smog
An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions.
Acid Deposition
The accumulation of acids, including sulfuric acid and nitric acid, on Earth’s surface.
Acid Precipitation
Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, fog, or snow.
Ozone
A gas that absorbs ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere, a zone between 15 and 50 kilometers (nine to 30 miles) above Earth’s surface. Were it not for the ozone in the stratosphere, UV rays would damage plants, cause skin cancer, and disrupt food chains.
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers.
Nonconsumptive Water usage
Use of water that is returned to nature as a liquid. Most industrial and municipal uses of water are nonconsumptive because the wastewater is primarily discharged into lakes and streams.
Consumptive Water Usage
Use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid. Most agricultural uses are consumptive because the water is used primarily to supply plants that transpire it and therefore cannot be treated and reused.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste.
Point-Source pollution
Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source.
Nonpoint-Source Pollution
Pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area.
Sanitary Landfill
A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of Earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions f gasses and odors from he decaying trash, to minimize fires, and discourage vermin.
Recycling
The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of the unwanted material.
Remanufacturing
The rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired, and new parts.
New International Division of Labor
Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.
Outsourcing
Turning over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.
Vertical Integration
An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.
Maquiladora
A factory built by a US company in Mexico near the US border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico.
Right-to-work Law
A US law that prevents a Union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment.
