Chapter Nine Flashcards
Dietary Energy Consumption
The amount of food that an individual consumes.
Food security
Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Undernourishment
Dietary energy consumption that is continuously below that needed for a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.
Cereal Grain
A grass that yields grain for food.
Grain
The seed from a cereal grass.
Agriculture
The deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.
Crop
Any plant cultivated by people.
Agricultural Revolution
The process that began when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.
Columbian Exchange
The transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonialization and trade.
Subsistence Agriculture
The production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family.
Commercial Agriculture
The production of cash crops primarily for sale off the farm.
Cash Crop
Crops that are grown for sale, rather than for the farmer’s own use.
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
A form of subsistence agriculture characteristic of Asia’s major population concentrations in which farmers must extend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.
Double Cropping
Harvesting twice a year from the same field.
Crop Rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.
Wet Rice
Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth.
Sawah
A flooded field for growing rice.
Paddy
The Maylay word for wet rice, increasingly used to describe a flooded field.
Shifting Cultivation
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift frequently from one field to another. Ex: Slash & Burn, Frequent Relocation.
Pastoral Nomadism
A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.
Transhumance
Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.
Plantation
A large commercial farm in a developing country that specializes in one or two crops.
Fishing
The capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters.
Aquaculture, or aquafarming
The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.
Overfishing
Capturing fish faster than they can reproduce.
Agribusiness
The system of commercial farming found in developed countries.
Monocropping
The practice of growing the same single crop every year after year.
Horticulture
The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.
Commercial (or market) gardening and fruit farming
Relatively small-scale productions of fruits, vegetables, and other horticulture.
Truck Farming
Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named for the Middle English work truck, meaning “barter” or “exchange of commodities.”
Ranching
The commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area.
Dairy Farm
A form of Commercial Agriculture that specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products.
Milkshed
The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling.
Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans.
Desertification
Human actions that cause land to deteriorate to a desertlike condition.
Second Agricultural Revolution
An increase in agricultural productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock, beginning in the United Kingdom in the 17th century.
Green Revolution
The invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s. Two main practices: the introduction of new higher-yield seeds and the expanded use of fertilizers.
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.
Organic Agriculture
Farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances, such as herbicides, pesticides, and growth hormones.
Herbicides
A chemical to control unwanted plants.
Pesticides
A substance to control pests, including weeds.
Conservation Tillage
A method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff.
No Tillage
Leaves all of the soil undisturbed, and the entire residue of the previous year’s harvest is left untouched on the fields.
Ridge Tillage
A system of planting crops on ridge tops. Crops are planted on 10- to 20-centimeter (4- to 8-inch) ridges that are formed during cultivation or after harvest. A crop is planted on the same ridges, in the same rows, year after year.
