chapter seven - eight unit test Flashcards
apartheid
laws no longer affect in south Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.
balkanization
process by which a State breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
balkanized
descriptive of a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex long-standing antagonism towards each other.
blockbusting
A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of the fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood
ethnicity
identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.
multinational state
State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities
nation-state
a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.
race
identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor
sharecropper
A person who works field rented from a land owner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over the land owner a share of the crops
city-state
a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland.
colonialism
an attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political economic and cultural principles in another territory.
colony
A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent an area conquered and administered by a foreign power
compact state
A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.
federal state
an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government
frontier
a zone separating two states in which neither states exercise political control
imperialism
Control of territory already occupied and organized by indigenous society
perforated state
A state that completely surrounds another one
sovereignty
ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states
state
an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs. (a country)
consequent boundary
a boundary line that coincides with some cultural divides, such as religions or language.
containment theory
a united states policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad.
devolution
the transfer of certain powers from the central government to separate political subdivisions within the state’s territory.
enclave
a small bit of foreign territory lying within a state but not under its jurisdiction.
exclave
a portion of a state that is separated from the main territory and surrounded by another country.
unitary state
an internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials.
antecedent boundary
a political boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in a place while people moved into occupy the surroundings.
artificial boundary
a boundary that still has the purpose of separation, but is man-made.
subsequent boundary
a political boundary that developed contemporaneously with the evolution of the major elements of cultural landscape.
superimposed boundary
a political boundary place y powerful outsiders on a developed human landscape.
relict boundary
a political boundary that has ceased to function but the imprint of which can still be detected on the cultural landscape.
geometric boundary
political boundaries defined and delimited as straight lines or arcs.
diaspora
scattered settlements of a particular national group living abroad.
ethnonationalism
a strong feeling f belonging to a nation that is minority within a state, has its own distinctive homeland within the state’s territory, and has deeply rooted feelings that are different from the rest of the sate’s population.
irredentism
a movement to reunite a nation’s homeland when part of it is contained within another state (the piece of homeland that is ruled by the other state is known as irredental)
nation
the largest group characterized by a common origin or a territorial based community of people who usually have similar language or religion, a common history and accepted social ways of behavior that gives it a common culture.
nation-state
a sate that has the same boundaries as a nation.
province
a first-level administrate sub region of a state.
functional dispute
a dispute over how a boundary works.
resource dispute
in political geography, disagreement over the control or use of shared resources, such as boundary rivers or jointly claimed fishing grounds.
positional geograhy
in political geography, disagreement about the actual location of a boundary.
territorial dispute
a disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more territorial entities or over the possession or control of land, usually between a new state and the occupying power.
heartland theory
hypothesis proposed by halford mckinder that held that any political power based in the heart of eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.
rimland theory
nicholas spykan’s theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of eurasia would provide the base for world conquest.
supernationalism
a venture involving three or more national states political, economic or being. a state idea that helps rally diverse peoples together.
regional autonomy
limited self-rule for a region within a larger state.
secession
complete break-off a region into an autonomous, independent state (this occurs when a separatist movement achieves it’s goal)
seperatism
the desire to break a region away from it state and form a new independent state
shatterbelt
a region caught between powerful forces whose boundaries are continually redefined.
(8) criteria for independent country status
- has internationally recognized boundaries (boundary dispute OK)
- has people who live there on an ongoing basis
- has economic activity and an organized economy.
- has the power of social engineering, education.
- has a transportation system for goods and people.
- has a government that provides public services and police power.
- has sovereignty.
- has external recognition. this country was voted into the club by other countries.
states which claim antartica. (7)
argentina australia chile france new zeland norway united kingdom
area of US with lots of natural boundaries
mid-west and east
area of US with lots of artificial boundaries
west and north
ireland is a…. (what type of state)
nation state
greece is a…. (what type of state)
fragmented state
applicant countries for EU
Turkey Serbia Croatia Bosnia and Herzegovina Iceland Albania Macedonia Montenegro Norway?
(federal or unitary) china is a…
unitary state.
(federal or unitary) france is a…
unitary state.
(federal or unitary) russia, brazil and india are all…
federal states.
Sudan’s conflict(s)
- sunni muslims vs sudanesse christans
- arabians vs darfur africans
- dafur housed ethnic cleansing
- black muslims are internally displaced.
south and north korea conflicts
- north Korea w/ soviet union
- south korea w/ UN and US
- 38th parallel dividing line between the koreas
- PMZ zone is a cease fire zone
tibet and china conflict
- tibet wants to be independent
2. china wants tibet because of resources such as minerals and water
india and pakistan conflict
- hindu vs muslim
- fighting over kashmir fighting because of religious differences.
- kashmir got minerals and china owes some of kashir.
chechnya and russia conflict
- chechnyans are muslim
- russia invaded chechnya because chech’s prez. tried to invade russia.
- oil, ethnicity and religion
ukraine and russia conflict
- russia only wants ukraine (east) for it’s ports and natural gas.
sri lanka conflict
- buddhist sinhalese vs hindu tamil
- tamil is minorit group
- is a multinational state
- fight for indepence and power over eachother
(federal or unitary) afghanistan is….
FEDERAL (u.s did that)
congo conflict
- refugee conflict (refugees from rwanda)
- Hutus vs Tutis
- failed state
- blood diamonds: not actual diamonds but profits made from companies who sold diamonds and fund the war.
rwanda conflict (genocide)
- tutis vs hutus
- tutis were favored by germany over hutus
- hutus overthrew tutis and wanted revenge
- no control in rwandan govt.
- rwanda vs uganda (boundary dispute)
nigeria conflict
- boko haran caused problems for religons
- christians vs muslims
- boko haran becomes EXTREMELY violent after founder death in 2009 and kill many
- boko haran kidnapped 276 schoolgirls
- nigerians just want safety
