chapter nine - ten unit test Flashcards
development
a process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.
fair trade
alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned. and democratically run cooperatives. (bananas)
foreign direct investment (fdi)
investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.
gender empowerment measure (gem)
compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.
gross domestic product
the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year)
human development index (hdi)
indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the united nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.
less developed country (ldc)
a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development.
literacy rate
the percentage of a country’s people who can read and write.
millennium development goals
eight international development goals that all members of the united nations have agreed to achieve by 2015.
list the eight millennium development goals
- end poverty and hunger
- get primary education (6-8 yrs)
- get gender equality
- reduce child mortality
- improve mental health
- combat diseases
- environmental sustainability
- global partnership
more developed country (mdc)
a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of developed.
primary sector
[…] direct extraction of materials from earths surface, generally through agriculture, mining, fishing and forestry.
productivity
the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.
secondary sector
[…] manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw material.
structural adjustment program
economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, charging citizens for services etc.
tertiary sector
[…] concerned with transportation, communications, utilities and overall services to people in exchange for payment.
value added
the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.
economic growth
measure of the value of output of goods and service within a time period.
economic development
a measure of the welfare of humans in a society.
per capita
per person
gdp
value of goods and services produced within a country. (us company in us)
gnp
value of output by a country plus net property income (abroad ; us company in other country)
gdp spots
(most oil rich) qatar, luxenburg, singapore, kuwait, ireland, norway, uae.
ppp
cost of living. 10 items in a country and what they cost n each country.
black market
not part of economy (gdp or gnp ; neither)
rastow (theory)
about:
- progressive stages of econ. growth
- from traditional to modern way of life
- few industries take off b/c world bank support
criticism:
-only mdc(s) make money and ldc(s) have loan debt
-creates dependency
(socialistic-1970s) dependency/world system theory
explains how low development levels are a result of ldc(s) continuing economic dependency of mdc(s)
wallerstein (theory)
about: (study more please)
- didn’t describe what happens between stage 1 and 2
- semi-periphery countries are occurring (b.r.i.c.s)
- brazil, russia, india, china, south africa
- semi-periphery b/c manufactcuring
quarternary sector
[….] highly skilled profession (ie: a professor)
quinary sector
basically ceo(s) and founders.
neoliberalism
free-market approach and globalization of trade.
teriff
taxes on trade
industrial revolution
a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing.
labor-intensive industry
an industry that produce goods or services requiring a large amount of labor.
maquiladora
factories built by us companies in mexico near us border to take advantage of lower labor costs in mexico.
intensive land use
small area farms ; lots of land is used.
extensive land use
lots of farm land but u spread it out
first agricultural revolution
(8,000-14,000 b.c)
-first grain was discovered
second agricultural revolution
(1600s-1800s)
- technology changes in n.a and europe
- more commercial farming
third agricultural revolution
(1960s)
-green revolution
-reliance on synthetic fertilizers
-gmo crops
-globalization of products and structure of buisness
pros:
-reduced uncertenties and increased yields
cons:
-depend on fossil fuel/ reliance on chems
-less crop diversity
green revolution
(1960s-1980s) rice and corn
-rice: staple food in asia. used hybridized rice to save growing population from starvation.
-pros: self sufficiency in countries
-cons: less concern a/b food security
growth settled in 80s
wasn’t in africa due to different crops there
roses mainly come from where…
- columbia
- kenya
- netherlands
horticulture
the growing of fruits, vegis, and flowers.
paddy
malay for wet rice
planation
a large arm in tropical and subtropical climates that specialize on one or two crops usually ldcs
prime agricultural land
the mos productive farmland
ridge tillage
system of planting crops on ridge tops in order reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil preservation.
sustainable agriculture
agriculture designed primarily to provide food for fam
swidden
a patch of land cleared for planting through slash and burn
tresh
to beat out grain from stalks by trampling it
transhumence
the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures
winnow
to remove chaffs (husks of grain) by allowing it to be blown away by the wind
