Chapter Fourteen

Question 1

Microorganisms

Answer 1

Minuscule living bodies that cannot be seen without a microscope

Question 2

Pathogen

Answer 2

Microorganism that can cause the body harm/infection

Question 3

Normal Flora

Answer 3

Microorganisms that live in and on our bodies and provide needed functions

Question 4

How many types of Pathogens?

Answer 4

There are 5 types:
-Bacteria
-Viruses
-Protozoa
-Fungi
-Helminths

Question 5

Bacteria

Answer 5

One celled microorganisms found virtually everywhere including in the human body.

Most common: Staphylococcus Aureus

Question 6

Viruses

Answer 6

Are not made up of individual cells, they are tiny parasites that live in the cells of the host.

Antibiotics are ineffective for viruses.

Question 7

Protozoa

Answer 7

Single celled animals that live in water. Can be ingested through water or food and then can cause intestinal illnesses. Looks like ribbons or spiral noodles.

Question 8

Gram Stain Postitive

Answer 8

Easier to kill

Question 9

Gram Stain Negative

Answer 9

More difficult to kill

Question 10

Fungi

Answer 10

May be made up of one or more cells. Not all fungi need a microscope to be seen. Fungi can be in environment but not cause illness until it enters the body through cuts or cracks in the skin. Fungal infections are treated with anti-fungal medications available in creams, ointments, and oral or IV forms

Question 11

Helminths

Answer 11

Parasitic worms that can inhabit the digestive tract of humans. Can enter the body through mouth, often through food.
Treated with anthelmintics or antihelmintics which are designed to kill the specific parasitic worm.

Question 12

Chain of Infection

Answer 12

Involves the following links:
- Infectious Agent
- Reservoir
- Portal of Exit
- Mode of Transmission
- Portal of Entry
- Susceptible Host

Question 13

Health-Care Associated Infection (HAI)

Answer 13

Infection that is acquired while patient is being cared for in a health care setting

Question 14

Primary Infections

Answer 14

Initial infections caused by one pathogen only

Question 15

Secondary Infection

Answer 15

Caused by a second, different pathogen

Question 16

Localized Infection

Answer 16

If a person has an infection in one area of the body (ex. in the lungs)

Question 17

Systemic Infection

Answer 17

If the infection spreads throughout the body (ex. from the lungs to other organs)

Question 18

Primary Defenses

Answer 18

Three main defenses:
- Skin
- Mucous Membranes
-Gastrointestinal System

Question 19

Secondary Defenses

Answer 19

-Inflammatory Process
-Elevated Temperature
-Complement Cascade

Question 20

Skin (Defense)

Answer 20

Intact skin protects the body from microbes that would cause disease in the subcutaneous or deeper tissue

Question 21

Mucous Membranes (Defense)

Answer 21

These membranes produce sticky mucus that traps invading pathogens

Question 22

Gastrointestinal System (Defense)

Answer 22

The mouth provides entry into the gastrointestinal system and contains some bacteria

Question 23

Septicemia

Answer 23

Another name for systemic infection

Septic - putrefying (+) emia - blood

Question 24

Inflammatory Process

Answer 24

White blood cells release histamine and other chemicals that cause the blood vessels near the injury to dilate. Causes redness and warmth in the in the area of injury

Question 25

Elevated Temperature

Answer 25

Body responds to invading pathogens by creating an environment that is ihostile to them.

Temp 101F is too warm for most microbes

Question 26

Complement Cascade

Answer 26

When invading pathogens are detected in the body, complement is released.

Question 27

Complement

Answer 27

A group of specialized proteins that attack the pathogens by releasing chemicals that cause their cell membranes to rupture

Question 28

Lymphocytes

Answer 28

Specialized white blood cells that fight infection, either as B cells or T cells

Question 29

Factors that Affect Body’s Defenses Against Infection

Answer 29

-Age
-Chemical Exposure
-Chronic Illness
-Lack of Exercise
-Lack of Rest
-Increased Stress
-Nonintact Skin
-Poor Nutrition

Question 30

What is the best way to break the chain of infection?

Answer 30

Using Appropriate Hand Hygiene

Question 31

Standard Precautions (definition)

Answer 31

Group of safety measures preformed to prevent the transmission of pathogens found in the blood and body fluids.

Question 32

Standard Precautions (Actions)

Answer 32

-Hand Hygiene
-Wearing PPE if exposure is possible
-Using cough etiquette

Question 33

Transmission-Based Precautions (definition)

Answer 33

Used to prevent the spread of known infection to patients or health-care staff

Question 34

Transmission-Based Precautions (actions)

Answer 34

-Gowns
-Gloves
-Masks
-Eye Protection
-Head Covers or Shoe Covers (possible)

Question 35

Medical Asepsis

Answer 35

Practices preformed to prevent the spread of infection