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a&p > chapter five integumentary > Flashcards

chapter five integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two layers of the cutaneous membrane (skin)?

A

epidermis and dermis

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2
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum corneum

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3
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer that separates the integument from the deep fascia around other organs?

A

hypodermis

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4
Q

Which epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?

A

stratum lucidium

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5
Q

The secretion that lubricates and inhibits growth of bacteria on the skin is called __________.

A

sebum

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6
Q

The layers of the epidermis, beginning with the deepest layer and proceeding outward, include the strata __________

A

germinativum/basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum

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7
Q

In which layers of the epidermis do mitotic divisions occur?

A

stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum

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8
Q

Approximately how long does it take for a cell to move from the stratum germinativum to the stratum corneum?

A

7-10 days

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9
Q

Epidermal cells in the stratum spinosum and stratum germinativum function as a chemical factory in that they can convert __________

A

steroid precursors to vitamin D3 when exposed to sunlight

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10
Q

Differences in skin color among individuals are the result of __________

A

the different levels of melanin synthesis

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11
Q

What are the two basic factors interacting to produce skin color?

A

circulatory supply and pigment concentration

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12
Q

Skin exposure to small amounts of ultraviolet radiation serves to __________

A

convert a steroid related to cholesterol into vitamin D

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13
Q

Excessive exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation may cause redness, edema, blisters, and pain. The presence of blisters classifies the burn as __________

A

second degree

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14
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

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15
Q

Which of the following structures can you find within the dermis?

A

lymphatics, nerve fibers, blood vessels

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16
Q

Special smooth muscles in the dermis that, when contracted, produce “goose bumps” are called __________

A

arrector pili

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17
Q

What are the primary tissues composing the hypodermis?

A

areolar and adipose

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18
Q

The hypodermis is useful for subcutaneous injection by hypodermic needle because it has __________

A

a limited number of capillaries and no vital organs

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19
Q

An important function of the hypodermis is to __________

A

stabilize the position of the skin in relation to underlying issues

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20
Q

Hair production occurs in the __________

A

reticular layers of the dermis

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21
Q

What is the natural factor responsible for varying shades of hair color

A

type of melanin present

22
Q

Accessory structures of the skin include the _________

A

hair follicles and the sebaceous and sweat glands

23
Q

Sensible perspiration released by the eccrine sweat glands serves to __________

A

cool the surface of the skin, reduce body temperature, and dilute harmful chemicals

24
Q

When the body temperature becomes abnormally high, thermoregulatory homeostasis is maintained by __________

A

an increase in sweat gland activity and an increase in blood flow to the skin

25
Q

Nail production occurs at an epithelial fold NOT visible from the surface called the _________

A

nail root

26
Q

Which of the following statements describes the immediate response by the skin to an injury?

A

Bleeding occurs, and mast cells trigger an inflammatory response.

27
Q

The practical limit to the healing process of the skin is the formation of inflexible, fibrous, noncellular __________

A

scar tissue

28
Q

Hair turns gray or white because of _________

A

decreased melanocyte activity

29
Q

Sagging and wrinkling of the integument is due to __________

A

a decrease in the elastic fiber network of the dermis

30
Q

When ruptured dermal blood vessels leak into the dermis, a __________ may form

A

bruise

31
Q

What is the name of the pale, crescent-shaped area near the root of the nail?

A

lunula

32
Q

Psoriasis is a skin disorder in which there is abnormal increased mitotic activity in the __________

A

stratum germinativum

33
Q

How do third-degree burns differ from first- and second-degree burns?

A

In a third-degree burn, the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are destroyed.

34
Q

What condition causes inflammation in the papillary layer when a part of the skin is exposed to infection or an irritant?

A

dermatitis

35
Q

Because fresh water is hypotonic to body fluids, sitting in a freshwater bath causes _________

A

water to enter the epidermis and cause the epithelial cells to swell

36
Q

Why are malignant melanomas extremely dangerous and life-threatening?

A

The melanocytes grow rapidly and metastasize through the lymphatic system.

37
Q

The core of a hair is called the _________

A

medulla

38
Q

Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands located in the _________

A

external auditory canal

39
Q

Yellowing of the fingernails occurs in patients who have ________

A

chronic respiratory disorders, thyroid gland disorders, or AIDS

40
Q

Where can you find an apocrine sweat gland?

A

armpits, nipples, pubic region

41
Q

The body of the nail __________

A

consists of dead, tightly compacted cells

42
Q

Why are lines of cleavage clinically significant?

A

a cut parallel to the line of cleavage will remain closed

43
Q

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the skin?

A

synthesis of B vitamins

44
Q

Sebaceous glands release which type of secretion?

A

sebum

45
Q

Which of the following are benign tumors that occur in the skin?

A

warts

46
Q

A thick, flattened mass of scar tissue that grows into the tissue around an injury site is called __________

A

keloid

47
Q

A decrease in the number of __________ leads to increased damage and infection associated with age.

A

Langerhans cells

48
Q

The peptide that is secreted by the pituitary gland and increases the rate of melanin production is _________

A

MSH

49
Q

When the skin is deprived of blood flow and oxygen, it takes on a bluish coloration called __________

A

cyanosis

50
Q

A hair at the end of the growth cycle is called _________

A

club hair

a&p (11 decks)

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