chapter five integumentary

Question 1

What are the two layers of the cutaneous membrane (skin)?

Answer 1

epidermis and dermis

Question 2

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?

Answer 2

stratum corneum

Question 3

What is the subcutaneous layer that separates the integument from the deep fascia around other organs?

Answer 3

hypodermis

Question 4

Which epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?

Answer 4

stratum lucidium

Question 5

The secretion that lubricates and inhibits growth of bacteria on the skin is called __________.

Answer 5

sebum

Question 6

The layers of the epidermis, beginning with the deepest layer and proceeding outward, include the strata __________

Answer 6

germinativum/basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum

Question 7

In which layers of the epidermis do mitotic divisions occur?

Answer 7

stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum

Question 8

Approximately how long does it take for a cell to move from the stratum germinativum to the stratum corneum?

Answer 8

7-10 days

Question 9

Epidermal cells in the stratum spinosum and stratum germinativum function as a chemical factory in that they can convert __________

Answer 9

steroid precursors to vitamin D3 when exposed to sunlight

Question 10

Differences in skin color among individuals are the result of __________

Answer 10

the different levels of melanin synthesis

Question 11

What are the two basic factors interacting to produce skin color?

Answer 11

circulatory supply and pigment concentration

Question 12

Skin exposure to small amounts of ultraviolet radiation serves to __________

Answer 12

convert a steroid related to cholesterol into vitamin D

Question 13

Excessive exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation may cause redness, edema, blisters, and pain. The presence of blisters classifies the burn as __________

Answer 13

second degree

Question 14

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Answer 14

papillary layer and reticular layer

Question 15

Which of the following structures can you find within the dermis?

Answer 15

lymphatics, nerve fibers, blood vessels

Question 16

Special smooth muscles in the dermis that, when contracted, produce “goose bumps” are called __________

Answer 16

arrector pili

Question 17

What are the primary tissues composing the hypodermis?

Answer 17

areolar and adipose

Question 18

The hypodermis is useful for subcutaneous injection by hypodermic needle because it has __________

Answer 18

a limited number of capillaries and no vital organs

Question 19

An important function of the hypodermis is to __________

Answer 19

stabilize the position of the skin in relation to underlying issues

Question 20

Hair production occurs in the __________

Answer 20

reticular layers of the dermis

Question 21

What is the natural factor responsible for varying shades of hair color

Answer 21

type of melanin present

Question 22

Accessory structures of the skin include the _________

Answer 22

hair follicles and the sebaceous and sweat glands

Question 23

Sensible perspiration released by the eccrine sweat glands serves to __________

Answer 23

cool the surface of the skin, reduce body temperature, and dilute harmful chemicals

Question 24

When the body temperature becomes abnormally high, thermoregulatory homeostasis is maintained by __________

Answer 24

an increase in sweat gland activity and an increase in blood flow to the skin

Question 25

Nail production occurs at an epithelial fold NOT visible from the surface called the _________

Answer 25

nail root

Question 26

Which of the following statements describes the immediate response by the skin to an injury?

Answer 26

Bleeding occurs, and mast cells trigger an inflammatory response.

Question 27

The practical limit to the healing process of the skin is the formation of inflexible, fibrous, noncellular __________

Answer 27

scar tissue

Question 28

Hair turns gray or white because of _________

Answer 28

decreased melanocyte activity

Question 29

Sagging and wrinkling of the integument is due to __________

Answer 29

a decrease in the elastic fiber network of the dermis

Question 30

When ruptured dermal blood vessels leak into the dermis, a __________ may form

Answer 30

bruise

Question 31

What is the name of the pale, crescent-shaped area near the root of the nail?

Answer 31

lunula

Question 32

Psoriasis is a skin disorder in which there is abnormal increased mitotic activity in the __________

Answer 32

stratum germinativum

Question 33

How do third-degree burns differ from first- and second-degree burns?

Answer 33

In a third-degree burn, the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are destroyed.

Question 34

What condition causes inflammation in the papillary layer when a part of the skin is exposed to infection or an irritant?

Answer 34

dermatitis

Question 35

Because fresh water is hypotonic to body fluids, sitting in a freshwater bath causes _________

Answer 35

water to enter the epidermis and cause the epithelial cells to swell

Question 36

Why are malignant melanomas extremely dangerous and life-threatening?

Answer 36

The melanocytes grow rapidly and metastasize through the lymphatic system.

Question 37

The core of a hair is called the _________

Answer 37

medulla

Question 38

Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands located in the _________

Answer 38

external auditory canal

Question 39

Yellowing of the fingernails occurs in patients who have ________

Answer 39

chronic respiratory disorders, thyroid gland disorders, or AIDS

Question 40

Where can you find an apocrine sweat gland?

Answer 40

armpits, nipples, pubic region

Question 41

The body of the nail __________

Answer 41

consists of dead, tightly compacted cells

Question 42

Why are lines of cleavage clinically significant?

Answer 42

a cut parallel to the line of cleavage will remain closed

Question 43

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the skin?

Answer 43

synthesis of B vitamins

Question 44

Sebaceous glands release which type of secretion?

Answer 44

sebum

Question 45

Which of the following are benign tumors that occur in the skin?

Answer 45

warts

Question 46

A thick, flattened mass of scar tissue that grows into the tissue around an injury site is called __________

Answer 46

keloid

Question 47

A decrease in the number of __________ leads to increased damage and infection associated with age.

Answer 47

Langerhans cells

Question 48

The peptide that is secreted by the pituitary gland and increases the rate of melanin production is _________

Answer 48

MSH

Question 49

When the skin is deprived of blood flow and oxygen, it takes on a bluish coloration called __________

Answer 49

cyanosis

Question 50

A hair at the end of the growth cycle is called _________

Answer 50

club hair