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a&p > chapter 12 nervous > Flashcards

chapter 12 nervous Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system composes the ________ nervous system

A

peripheral

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2
Q

The ________ division of the peripheral nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system

A

afferent

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3
Q

The ________ division of the nervous system carries motor commands to muscles and glands.

A

efferent

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4
Q

The ________ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity

A

autonomic

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5
Q

________ carry motor information to peripheral effectors

A

efferent

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6
Q

________ nerves are nerves that connect to the spinal cord

A

spinal

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7
Q

________ nerves are nerves that connect to the brain

A

cranial

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8
Q

________ monitor the position of skeletal muscles and joints

A

Proprioceptors

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9
Q

________ carry sensory information to the CNS

A

afferent neurons

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10
Q

________ provide information about the external environment.

A

exteroceptors

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11
Q

________ monitor the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems

A

interceptors

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12
Q

The plasma membrane of an axon is called the

A

axolemma

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13
Q

The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the

A

neuron

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14
Q

The most common neuron of the nervous system is the

A

interneuron

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15
Q

Most neurons lack ________ and so are permanently blocked from undergoing cell division

A

centrioles

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16
Q

Products from the soma (cell body) of a neuron are transported to the synaptic terminals by ________ transport.

A

anterograde

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17
Q

A change in the conditions in the synaptic terminal can influence the soma as a result of ________ transport.

A

retrograde

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18
Q

Neuron cell bodies in the PNS are clustered together in masses called

A

ganglia

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19
Q

The tiny gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called

A

nodes of ranvier

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20
Q

Regions of the CNS with an abundance of myelinated axons constitute the ________ matter.

A

white

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21
Q

Regions of the CNS where neuron cell bodies dominate constitute the ________ matter.

A

gray

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22
Q

A movement of charges in response to a potential difference is called

A

current

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23
Q

The separation of positive and negative charges across the membrane creates a ________ difference, or voltage.

A

potential

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24
Q

The sum of the electrical and chemical forces acting on an ion is known as its

A

electrochemical gradient

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25
Q

A shift of the resting transmembrane potential toward 0 mV is called

A

depolarization

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26
Q

The minimum stimulus required to trigger an action potential is known as the

A

threshold

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27
Q

The ________ principle states that the size and speed of the action potential are independent of the stimulus strength.

A

all or none

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28
Q

The period during which an excitable membrane cannot respond to further stimulation is the ________ period.

A

absolute refractory

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29
Q

The period during which an excitable membrane can respond again, but only if the stimulus is greater than the threshold stimulus, is the ________ period.

A

relative refractory

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30
Q

The presence of ________ dramatically increases the speed at which an action potential moves along an axon.

A

myelin

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31
Q

The sensory loss and muscle weakness associated with multiple sclerosis are a consequence of

A

demyelination

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32
Q

At a(n) ________ synapse, a neurotransmitter is released to stimulate the postsynaptic membrane.

A

chemical

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33
Q

In a(n) ________ synapse, current flows directly between cells

A

electrical

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34
Q

Compounds that alter the rate of neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic neuron or change the postsynaptic cell’s response to neurotransmitters are called

A

neuromodulators

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35
Q

The buildup of depolarization when EPSPs arrive in rapid succession is called ________ summation

A

temporal

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36
Q

The buildup of depolarization when EPSPs arrive at several places on the neuron is called ________ summation.

A

spatial

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37
Q

Many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because

A

the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier.

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38
Q

After a stroke, what type of glial cell accumulates within the affected brain region?

A

microglia

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39
Q

Voltage-gated channels are present

A

in the membrane that covers axons

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40
Q

Which of the following is not involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron?

A

membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions

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41
Q

When potassium channels open and the ions diffuse through the membrane,

A

the inside will become more negative

42
Q

The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential.

Sodium channels are inactivated.
Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization.
Sodium channels regain their normal properties.
A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold.
A temporary hyperpolarization occurs.
Sodium channel activation occurs.
Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs
What is the proper sequence of these events?

A

4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5

43
Q

The following are the steps involved in transmission at a cholinergic synapse. What is the correct sequence for these events?

Chemically-gated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated.
Calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal.
Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzes acetylcholine.
An action potential depolarizes the synaptic terminal at the presynaptic membrane.
The pre-synaptic terminal reabsorbs choline.
Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis.
Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
Calcium ions are removed from the cytoplasm of the pre- synaptic terminal.

A

4, 2, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5

44
Q

Which of the following is not a possible drug effect on synaptic function?

A

change the type of receptor found in the post synaptic membrane

45
Q

Active neurons need ATP to support which of the following?

A

recovery from action potentials, the synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules, the movement of materials to the soma by axoplasmic transport, the movement of materials from the soma by axoplasmic transport

46
Q

The rabies virus travels to the CNS via retrograde axoplasmic transport.

A

true

47
Q

The axon hillock is a region between what two general regions of a neuron?

A

cell body and axon

48
Q

Which neuroglia myelinate CNS axons and which neuroglia myelinate PNS axons?

A

oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells

49
Q

Which part of an acetylcholine (ACh) molecule undergoes reuptake by the axon terminal to be reused in another acetylcholine molecule?

A

choline

50
Q

Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

51
Q

Which part of the nervous system performs the higher-order thinking required to complete this practice exam?

A

central nervous system

52
Q

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the PNS?

A

an interneuron within the spinal cord

53
Q

What is included in the primary functions of the nervous system?

A

regulating and controlling peripheral structures and systems
providing sensation of the internal and external environments
integrating sensory information

54
Q

Neurons are responsible for _________

A

information transfer and processing in the nervous system

55
Q

The region of a neuron with voltage-gated sodium channels is the __________

A

axon

56
Q

Neurons are classified on the basis of their structure as _________

A

anaxonic, unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar

57
Q

Neurons are classified on the basis of their function as __________

A

motor, sensory, or association

58
Q

What are the two major cell populations of neural tissue?

A

neurons and neuroglia

59
Q

Which of the following CNS glial cells remove debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis?

A

microglia

60
Q

The white matter of the CNS represents a region dominated by the presence of ________

A

oligodendrocytes

61
Q

Depolarization of the membrane will shift the membrane potential toward _______

A

0

62
Q

Depolarization of the membrane will shift the membrane potential toward _______

A

hyperpolarization

63
Q

If resting membrane potential is –70 mV and the threshold is –60 mV, a membrane potential of –62 mV will ________

A

not produce an action potential

64
Q

At the site of an action potential, the membrane contains _________

A

an excess of positive ions inside the membrane and an excess of negative ions outside the membrane

65
Q

Which of the following statements about repolarization of an axon is FALSE?

A

repolarization occurs when sodium ion channels are open

66
Q

A node along the axon represents an area where _______

A

there is an absence of myelin

67
Q

Nerve cell bodies in the PNS are clustered together in masses called _____

A

ganglia

68
Q

What are the most important factors that determine the rate of action potential conduction?

A

the prescence of myelin and the diameter of the axon

69
Q

At an electrical synapse, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are locked together at ________

A

gap junctions

70
Q

Exocytosis and the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft are triggered by _____

A

calcium ions flooding inside the synaptic terminal

71
Q

An important neurotransmitter in emotional states and moods is ________

A

serotonin

72
Q

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is ________

A

a graded depolarization produced by the arrival of a neurotransmitter

73
Q

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a __________

A

a graded hyperpolarization produced by the arrival of a neurotransmitter

74
Q

Rabies is a viral disease contracted from the bite of an infected animal. Rabies bypasses many immune system defenses by traveling in peripheral neurons to reach the CNS. Which method of transport is NOT used by the rabies virus to reach the CNS?

A

antretrograde flow

75
Q

The reason that active neurons need ATP is to support __________

A

the movement of materials to and from the soma via axoplasmic flow

the synthesis, release, and recycling of neurotransmitter molecules

the recovery from action potentials

76
Q

Sensory neurons are responsible for carrying impulses ______

A

to the CNS

77
Q

Interneurons, or association neurons, differ from sensory and motor neurons in their _______

A

exclusive location in the brain and spinal cord

78
Q

Efferent pathways consist of axons that carry impulses ________

A

away from the CNS

79
Q

Graded potentials that develop on the postsynaptic membrane in response to a neurotransmitter are __________

A

postsynaptic potentials

80
Q

The addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession at a single synapse is _________

A

temporal summation

81
Q

What type of gated channel opens or closes in response to distortion of the membrane?

A

mechanically gated channel

82
Q

Interneurons are responsible for _________

A

analysis of sensory inputs and motor outputs

83
Q

Sensory (ascending) pathways distribute information ________

A

from peripheral receptors to processing centers in the brain

84
Q

Tyson decides to travel overseas but does not have all the required vaccines needed before he goes. While on his trip, he contracts diphtheria. Which type of glial cell is particularly at risk from this disease?

A

Schwann cells

85
Q

Schwann cells are glial cells responsible for _________

A

myelinating axons in the PNS

86
Q

What happens when a barrier prevents the movement of opposite charges toward one another?

A

a potential difference exists

87
Q

Which of the following statements about the sodium-potassium pump is correct?

A

The activity of the sodium-potassium pump is needed after every action potential to restore resting potential.

88
Q

Which of the following is a correct statement of the all-or-nothing principle?

A

A given stimulus either triggers a typical action potential or does not produce one at all.

89
Q

During the relative refractory period, a larger-than-normal depolarizing stimulus can _________

A

bring the membrane to threshold and initiate a second action potential

90
Q

Saltatory conduction conducts impulses along an axon _________

A

five to seven times faster than continuous conduction

91
Q

In type C fibers, action potentials are conducted at speeds of approximately _________

A

2 mph

92
Q

Which of the following is true of axons?

A

the larger the diameter of the axon, the faster the rate of transmission

93
Q

Facilitation in the neuron’s transmembrane potential toward threshold results from what?

A

any shift that makes the cell more sensitive to further stimulation

summation of EPSPs

exposure to certain drugs, such as nicotine

94
Q

Rachel decides to go swimming, but when she sticks her big toe into the water, she changes her mind because the water is too cold. The sensory neurons responsible for sending the message about the temperature of the cold water are _________

A

exteroceptors

95
Q

The main functional difference between the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system is that the activities of the ANS are _______

A

primarily involuntary (autonomic)

96
Q

Lulu, who is 50 years old, decides she wants to receive Botox treatments. If Botox, short for botulism toxin, prevents the release of ACh from synaptic terminals, what effect should Lulu expect from having Botox injected into her facial muscles?

A

temporary paralysis in the injected facial muscles

97
Q

What happens when depolarization to threshold occurs?

A

voltage gated sodium channels are opened

98
Q

Emma is very excited because after taking up running several months ago, she has begun to experience the phenomenon called “runner’s high.” This is caused by the production of endorphins. What is the effect of the endorphins on Emma when she runs?

A

Endorphins are blocking the transmission of substance P, a neurotransmitter that sends information about pain to the CNS.

99
Q

Which of the following is the most excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and functions in learning and memory?

A

glutamate

100
Q

Ann and Elise are two college students on an overseas vacation. Because they both love seafood, they stop at a restaurant in a coastal town for lunch. After dining on shellfish, they become very sick and have trouble breathing. What may have happened to Ann and Elise?

A

Any of the responses could be correct. TTX, STX, and CTX all block sodium ion channels, cause abnormal sensations, and interfere with muscle control.

a&p (11 decks)

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