chapter 16 ans Flashcards
The autonomic nervous system performs which of the following functions?
controlling respiratory functions during times of rest as well as times of activity
The lower motor neurons of the somatic nervous system exert direct control over skeletal muscles. By contrast, in the autonomic nervous system there is _________
a synapse interposed between the central nervous system and the peripheral effector
Which of the following is NOT a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
mobilization of energy reserves through the accelerated breakdown of glycogen in muscle and liver cells and the release of lipids by adipose tissues
Which system coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive functions?
ANS
Which division of the nervous system “kicks in” during periods of exertion, stress, or emergency?
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
The nerve bundle that carries preganglionic fibers to a nearby sympathetic chain ganglion is the __________
white ramus
Important functions of the postganglionic fibers that enter the thoracic cavity in autonomic nerves include which of the following?
accelerating the heart rate
dilating the respiratory passageways
increasing the force of cardiac contractions
The effect of modified neurons in the sympathetic division that secrete neurotransmitters is that they _________
last longer than those produced by direct sympathetic stimulation
Which of the following is unique to the sympathetic nervous system?
chain ganglia
Which of the following is unique to the sympathetic nervous system?
norepinephrine
When specific neurotransmitters are released by postganglionic fibers, stimulation or inhibition of activity depends on ________
the response of the membrane receptor to the presence of the neurotransmitter
Cholinergic postganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate the sweat glands of the skin and the blood vessels of the skeletal muscles are stimulated during exercise to _______
keep the body cool and provide oxygen and nutrients to active skeletal muscles
Postsynaptic cells of the sympathetic nervous system synapse with the cells they innervate through structures called __________
varicosities
In the parasympathetic division, second-order neurons originate in _______
intramural ganglia or ganglia associated with the target organs
The neurotransmitter released by all parasympathetic neurons is _______
acetylcholine (ACh)
The two types of parasympathetic receptors that occur on the postsynaptic membranes are __________
nicotinic and muscarinic
Pelvic nerves carry which of the following types of connections?
parasympathetic neurons innervating the urinary bladder
The major effects produced by the parasympathetic division include which of the following?
constriction of the respiratory passageway
increased smooth muscle activity along the digestive tract
secretion by digestive glands
Which division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) innervates only visceral structures serviced by the cranial nerves or nerves lying within the abdominopelvic cavity?
parasympathetic division
Where dual innervation exists, the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) commonly have ________
opposing effects
Why is autonomic tone important to autonomic motor neurons?
It allows for an increase or decrease of activity, providing a greater range of control.
The LOWEST level of integration in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of ________
regulatory systems in the brain stem that control the viscera
Both coordination and regulation of sympathetic function generally occur in centers in the _________
medulla and spinal cord
In the autonomic nervous system (ANS), simple reflexes that provide relatively rapid automatic response to stimuli are based in the ________
spinal cord
The processing center of a visceral reflex is the ________
interneuron
Which of the following statements about long reflexes is FALSE?
they bypass the CNS
Visceral reflexes provide ________
automatic motor responses
The cellular mechanisms that seem to be involved in memory formation and storage include which of the following?
increased neurotransmitter release
formation of additional synaptic connections
facilitation of synapses
Which two components of the limbic system are essential to memory consolidation?
The amygdaloid body and the hippocampus
A state of awareness of and attention to external events and stimuli implies ________
consciousness
Increasing stimulation to the reticular activating system (RAS) makes an individual _______
more alert to sensory information
Schizophrenia may be caused by an excessive production of which neurotransmitter?
dopamine
Disturbance of which of the following neurotransmitters produces motor problems, such as those found in Parkinson’s disease?
dopamine
Which of the following is a common age-related anatomical change in the nervous system?
decreased blood flow to the brain
a decreased number of neurons
decreased brain size and weight
One of the problems associated with aging and the nervous systems is the development of plaques in the central nervous system (CNS). Which of the following accurately describes plaques?
an accumulation of extracellular fibrillar proteins and abnormal dendrites and axons
Why is the axon of a ganglionic neuron called a postganglionic fiber?
It carries impulses away from the ganglion
The effects produced by sympathetic postganglionic fibers in spinal nerves include which of the following?
dilation of the pupils and focusing of the eyes
acceleration of blood flow to skeletal muscles
stimulation of secretion by sweat glands
The summary effects of the collateral ganglia include which of the following?
redirection of blood flow and energy use by visceral organs and release of stored energy
Stimulation of alpha-1 receptors on a target cell triggers a _________
depolarization that has an exciatory effect
What is the major structural difference between sympathetic preganglionic and ganglionic fibers?
Preganglionic fibers are short, and postganglionic fibers are long.
Which of the following adrenergic receptors produce(s) stimulatory effects, including stimulation of metabolism and energy consumption?
alpha one and beta one
The effects of parasympathetic stimulation are usually _________
brief in duration and restricted to specific organs and sites
How does a medication that blocks beta receptors help a patient with high blood pressure?
Beta-1 receptors in the heart do not stimulate an increase in the force and rate of heart contractions
During a crisis, the event necessary for the individual to cope with stressful and potentially dangerous situations is called _________
sympathetic activation
The two classes of sympathetic receptors include ________
alpha and beta receptors
Intramural ganglia are components of the parasympathetic division that are located __________
inside the tissues of visceral organs
Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve entering the abdominopelvic cavity join the ________
celiac plexus
Sensory nerves deliver information to the central nervous system (CNS) along the _________
spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and autonomic nerves that innervate peripheral effectors
Which of the following choices lists only sympathetic reflexes?
cardioacceleratory, vasomotor, pupillary, and ejaculation reflexes
While Michael is sleeping, his eye muscles are moving, but all other skeletal muscles are at rest. Which of the following statements about Michael is true?
His reticular activating system (RAS) has not been stimulated sufficiently to arouse the cerebral cortex.
He is in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
He is likely dreaming.
