chapter 16 ans

Question 1

The autonomic nervous system performs which of the following functions?

Answer 1

controlling respiratory functions during times of rest as well as times of activity

Question 2

The lower motor neurons of the somatic nervous system exert direct control over skeletal muscles. By contrast, in the autonomic nervous system there is _________

Answer 2

a synapse interposed between the central nervous system and the peripheral effector

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 3

mobilization of energy reserves through the accelerated breakdown of glycogen in muscle and liver cells and the release of lipids by adipose tissues

Question 4

Which system coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive functions?

Answer 4

ANS

Question 5

Which division of the nervous system “kicks in” during periods of exertion, stress, or emergency?

Answer 5

sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 6

The nerve bundle that carries preganglionic fibers to a nearby sympathetic chain ganglion is the __________

Answer 6

white ramus

Question 7

Important functions of the postganglionic fibers that enter the thoracic cavity in autonomic nerves include which of the following?

Answer 7

accelerating the heart rate

dilating the respiratory passageways

increasing the force of cardiac contractions

Question 8

The effect of modified neurons in the sympathetic division that secrete neurotransmitters is that they _________

Answer 8

last longer than those produced by direct sympathetic stimulation

Question 9

Which of the following is unique to the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 9

chain ganglia

Question 10

Which of the following is unique to the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 10

norepinephrine

Question 11

When specific neurotransmitters are released by postganglionic fibers, stimulation or inhibition of activity depends on ________

Answer 11

the response of the membrane receptor to the presence of the neurotransmitter

Question 12

Cholinergic postganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate the sweat glands of the skin and the blood vessels of the skeletal muscles are stimulated during exercise to _______

Answer 12

keep the body cool and provide oxygen and nutrients to active skeletal muscles

Question 13

Postsynaptic cells of the sympathetic nervous system synapse with the cells they innervate through structures called __________

Answer 13

varicosities

Question 14

In the parasympathetic division, second-order neurons originate in _______

Answer 14

intramural ganglia or ganglia associated with the target organs

Question 15

The neurotransmitter released by all parasympathetic neurons is _______

Answer 15

acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 16

The two types of parasympathetic receptors that occur on the postsynaptic membranes are __________

Answer 16

nicotinic and muscarinic

Question 17

Pelvic nerves carry which of the following types of connections?

Answer 17

parasympathetic neurons innervating the urinary bladder

Question 18

The major effects produced by the parasympathetic division include which of the following?

Answer 18

constriction of the respiratory passageway

increased smooth muscle activity along the digestive tract

secretion by digestive glands

Question 19

Which division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) innervates only visceral structures serviced by the cranial nerves or nerves lying within the abdominopelvic cavity?

Answer 19

parasympathetic division

Question 20

Where dual innervation exists, the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) commonly have ________

Answer 20

opposing effects

Question 21

Why is autonomic tone important to autonomic motor neurons?

Answer 21

It allows for an increase or decrease of activity, providing a greater range of control.

Question 22

The LOWEST level of integration in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of ________

Answer 22

regulatory systems in the brain stem that control the viscera

Question 23

Both coordination and regulation of sympathetic function generally occur in centers in the _________

Answer 23

medulla and spinal cord

Question 24

In the autonomic nervous system (ANS), simple reflexes that provide relatively rapid automatic response to stimuli are based in the ________

Answer 24

spinal cord

Question 25

The processing center of a visceral reflex is the ________

Answer 25

interneuron

Question 26

Which of the following statements about long reflexes is FALSE?

Answer 26

they bypass the CNS

Question 27

Visceral reflexes provide ________

Answer 27

automatic motor responses

Question 28

The cellular mechanisms that seem to be involved in memory formation and storage include which of the following?

Answer 28

increased neurotransmitter release formation of additional synaptic connections facilitation of synapses

Question 29

Which two components of the limbic system are essential to memory consolidation?

Answer 29

The amygdaloid body and the hippocampus

Question 30

A state of awareness of and attention to external events and stimuli implies ________

Answer 30

consciousness

Question 31

Increasing stimulation to the reticular activating system (RAS) makes an individual _______

Answer 31

more alert to sensory information

Question 32

Schizophrenia may be caused by an excessive production of which neurotransmitter?

Answer 32

dopamine

Question 33

Disturbance of which of the following neurotransmitters produces motor problems, such as those found in Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 33

dopamine

Question 34

Which of the following is a common age-related anatomical change in the nervous system?

Answer 34

decreased blood flow to the brain a decreased number of neurons decreased brain size and weight

Question 35

One of the problems associated with aging and the nervous systems is the development of plaques in the central nervous system (CNS). Which of the following accurately describes plaques?

Answer 35

an accumulation of extracellular fibrillar proteins and abnormal dendrites and axons

Question 36

Why is the axon of a ganglionic neuron called a postganglionic fiber?

Answer 36

It carries impulses away from the ganglion

Question 37

The effects produced by sympathetic postganglionic fibers in spinal nerves include which of the following?

Answer 37

dilation of the pupils and focusing of the eyes acceleration of blood flow to skeletal muscles stimulation of secretion by sweat glands

Question 38

The summary effects of the collateral ganglia include which of the following?

Answer 38

redirection of blood flow and energy use by visceral organs and release of stored energy

Question 39

Stimulation of alpha-1 receptors on a target cell triggers a _________

Answer 39

depolarization that has an exciatory effect

Question 40

What is the major structural difference between sympathetic preganglionic and ganglionic fibers?

Answer 40

Preganglionic fibers are short, and postganglionic fibers are long.

Question 41

Which of the following adrenergic receptors produce(s) stimulatory effects, including stimulation of metabolism and energy consumption?

Answer 41

alpha one and beta one

Question 42

The effects of parasympathetic stimulation are usually _________

Answer 42

brief in duration and restricted to specific organs and sites

Question 43

How does a medication that blocks beta receptors help a patient with high blood pressure?

Answer 43

Beta-1 receptors in the heart do not stimulate an increase in the force and rate of heart contractions

Question 44

During a crisis, the event necessary for the individual to cope with stressful and potentially dangerous situations is called _________

Answer 44

sympathetic activation

Question 45

The two classes of sympathetic receptors include ________

Answer 45

alpha and beta receptors

Question 46

Intramural ganglia are components of the parasympathetic division that are located __________

Answer 46

inside the tissues of visceral organs

Question 47

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve entering the abdominopelvic cavity join the ________

Answer 47

celiac plexus

Question 48

Sensory nerves deliver information to the central nervous system (CNS) along the _________

Answer 48

spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and autonomic nerves that innervate peripheral effectors

Question 49

Which of the following choices lists only sympathetic reflexes?

Answer 49

cardioacceleratory, vasomotor, pupillary, and ejaculation reflexes

Question 50

While Michael is sleeping, his eye muscles are moving, but all other skeletal muscles are at rest. Which of the following statements about Michael is true?

Answer 50

His reticular activating system (RAS) has not been stimulated sufficiently to arouse the cerebral cortex. He is in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. He is likely dreaming.