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PSYCH 241 MIDTERM + FINAL ADDED > CHAPTER ELEVEN: PREJUDICE > Flashcards

CHAPTER ELEVEN: PREJUDICE Flashcards

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1
Q

prejudice

A

negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members (attitude)

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2
Q

stereotype

A

a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people (generalization)

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3
Q

discrimination

A

unjustifiable negative behaviour towards a group or its members (ie. racism or sexism)

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4
Q

testing prejudice

A
  • implicit association test (IAT)
  • shows delayed responses when words confirm to stereotypes
  • valid test
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5
Q

racial prejudice

A
  • subtle forms of prejudice (new society = new social norms)
  • discrimination without awareness
  • in reference to the faces diagram, you tend to see angry faces earlier in races that aren’t yours
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6
Q

gender-based prejudice

A
  • very strong
  • gender stereotypes may support prejudice
  • sexism: benevolent and hostile
  • women as wonderful effect: when i see someone “unwomen” like it makes me angry
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7
Q

LGBTQIA+ prejudice

A
  • research is in desperation and behind
  • job discrimination
  • marriage support is mixed
  • harassment
  • rejection: community attitudes predict health (suicide, stress that leads to disease)
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8
Q

social sources of prejudice

A
  • social inequalities: justifying the status quo
  • socialization
  • institutional supports
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9
Q

social sources of prejudice (social inequalities)

A
  • unequal status breeds prejudice
  • social dominance orientation: motivation to have one’s group dominant over others
  • you cannot be liked and competent
  • prejudice justifies inequality in status
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10
Q

social sources of prejudice (socialization)

A
  • the authoritarian personality: “i can do whatever but you have to follow me”
  • religion and prejudice: religion is hypocritical
  • conformity
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11
Q

social sources of prejudice (institutional supports)

A
  • photos, movies, news stories, music
  • anything we consume fuels/maintains our prejudice
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12
Q

motivational sources of prejudice

A
  • frustration and aggression
  • social identity theory: feeling superior to others
  • motivation to avoid prejudice
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13
Q

motivational sources of prejudice (frustration and aggression)

A
  • the scapegoat theory: displaced aggression
  • realistic group conflict theory: theory that prejudice arises from competition for scarce resources
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14
Q

motivational sources of prejudice (social identity theory)

A
  • social identity: the “we” aspect of our self-concept
  • we categorize, identify, compare
  • ingroups vs. outgroups
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15
Q

motivational sources of prejudice (ingroup bias)

A
  • tendency to favour one’s own group
  • heightened when group is smaller and lower in status than outgroup
  • minimal groups (small group surrounded by larger, we become concerned with our ingroup bias)
  • basking in reflected glory
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16
Q

motivational sources of prejudice (need for status, self-regard, belonging)

A
  • mortality salience: “we’re all gonna die” drives our need to belong and leave our legacy
  • terror management theory
17
Q

motivational sources of prejudice (motivation to avoid prejudice)

A
  • difficulty of overcoming “the prejudice habit”
  • internal: believe prejudice is wrong
  • external: how they want others to see them
  • motivated people can modify/surpress thoughts and actions to reduce prejudice
18
Q

cognitive sources of prejudice

A

categorization, distinctiveness, attributions

19
Q

categorization

A
  • spontaneous categorization
  • out-group homogeneity effect
  • own-race bias
  • system one thinking
  • top-down vs bottom-up: seeing differences first vs. seeing group first
20
Q

out-group homogeneity effect

A

perception of out-group members as more similar to one another than are in-group members

21
Q

own-race bias

A

tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race

22
Q

distinctiveness

A
  • distinctive people: fed self-consciousness; vivid cases (single cases become generalized think of girl in class who owns a snake and has tattoos)
  • distinctive events: illusory correlation: false impression that two variables correlate
23
Q

attributions

A
  • use them to keep our stereotypes in place
  • group serving bias: explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviours
  • attributing negative behaviours to the groups dispositions (while excusing such behaviour by one’s own group)
24
Q

just-world hypothesis

A
  • the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
  • not because they’re not concerned with justice but that they don’t believe there to be any at all
25
Q

self-perpetuating prejudgements

A
  • prejudgements guide our attention and memories
  • whenever a member of a group behaves as expected, we duly note the fact that our prior belief is confirmed
  • subtyping
  • subgrouping
26
Q

subgrouping

A

accommodating groups of individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group

26
Q

subtyping

A

accommodating groups of individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as a special category of people with different properties

27
Q

discrimination’s impact

A
  • the self-fulfilling prophecy: social beliefs = self confirming
  • distinctiveness and self-consciousness
  • stigma consciousness
28
Q

stereotype threat

A
  • a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
  • undermines performance: increases stress, self-monitoring (disrupts attention), suppressing unwanted thoughts/emotions (interfere with working memory)
29
Q

how to overcome prejudice

A
  • through contact
  • through cooperation
  • reconciling group and superordinate identities
30
Q

overcoming prejudice: through contact

A
  • contact predicts attitudes
  • mere exposure (ie. straight people become more accepting when exposed to gays and lesbians)
  • reduces anxiety, perceived threat
  • increases empathy/knowledge
  • get to know “different” people
31
Q

overcoming prejudice: through cooperation

A
  • common external threats build cohesiveness (“all” working to benefit “all”)
  • superordinate (increasing status/rank) goals foster cooperation
  • cooperative learning improves racial attitudes
32
Q

overcoming prejudice: by reconciling groups and superordinate identities

A
  • bicultural: affirm both identities strong positive self-concept
  • marginal: neither strong ethnic nor mainstream identity often have low self-esteem

PSYCH 241 MIDTERM + FINAL ADDED (11 decks)

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