chapter eleven Flashcards
1
Q
capitalism and democracy
A
- democracy and capitalism are antagonistic
- capitalism is individualistic, profit-oriented, competitive and unequal
- democracy is focused on the common good, a collective orientation, equality and the common good
- tensions between the 2 started during Keynesianism, a time of capitalism but also common good
- there is a correlation between inequality and neoliberalism; since pulling back from Keynesianism and the welfare state model and embraced neoliberalism and policies that align with it there has been growing inequality
2
Q
common characteristics of democracy
A
- elections
- political participation
- civil rights
- separation of powers
- sufficient power extended to the elected representatives
3
Q
elections as a characters of democracy
A
- open elections to all citizens; elections free of corruption
- ability to vote for the person representing them
4
Q
political participation as a characters of democracy
A
- must be adequate representation/political voice and diverse representation
- any Canadian citizen can run for office
5
Q
civil rights as a characters of democracy
A
individual rights and protection of those rights
6
Q
separation of powers as a characters of democracy
A
- between those elected and those who implement/enforce those laws
- elected officials must have sufficient power but they can’t intervene or have power in running an institution; they set the laws and institutions carry them out
7
Q
sufficient power extended to elected representatives as a characters of democracy
A
- only those elected have right to set laws and have power to do so
- no one else can have the power to do the same thing
8
Q
who are citizens
A
- members of nations or societies; legally-recognized inhabitants of a nation, province, city etc (eg citizen of Canada; Alberta)
- legally entitled to benefits and have certain responsibilities of being member of particular society
9
Q
second-class citizens
A
- those who have some/not all rights of full citizens
- e.g. temporary foreign workers have a right to medicare, protection of property but not the right to vote
10
Q
non-citizens
A
- denied almost all benefits of citizens
- e.g. people who may be in Canada illegally
11
Q
T.H Marshall and citizenship
A
- Marshall suggested that originally 3 elements were delivered by one central institution, but that today they have diffused into separate institutions
- citizenship has 3 elements:
- civil citizenship
- political citizenship
- social citizenship
12
Q
civil citizenship - T.H. Marshall (18th century)
A
- rights to individual freedoms & justice
- rights necessary for individual freedom; freedom of speech, right to protection of property etc
- primary institute: Courts of Justice (because these rights can be violated)
13
Q
political citizenship - T.H. Marshall (19th century)
A
- right to participate in exercise of political power (vote/run for office)
- primary institute: Parliament/Municipal government
14
Q
social citizenship - T.H. Marshall (20th century)
A
- rights to full social inclusion in a society’s wealth; right to economic well-being and share in the wealth of society
- right to educational and health services and to participation in the cultural heritage
- primary institute: Educational and Social Service Systems
15
Q
social citizenship programs
A
- employment insurance
- medicare/Healthcare
- parental benefits/maternity leave
- education
- social welfare
- social Services
- pensions
16
Q
social citizenship and inequality
A
- social citizenship programs maintain/reproduce existing inequalities; the privileged most benefit
- most sociologists will maintain a critical view because it is based on the principle that everyone is society should benefit from societies wealth and the best democracy is one where everyone is included
- sociologists acknowledge that a number of programs aimed at inclusion and ensuring people have the bare minimum have fallen short
- programs and policies have developed has actually resulted in a continued or enhanced privileging of the already privileged
17
Q
T.H. Marshall citizenship and capitalism
A
- citizenship developed in capitalism
- capitalism would have benefited from civil citizenship because individual rights and freedoms align with both
- tensions between social citizenship & capitalism existed because on the surface would appear as a threat to capitalism and what capitalism stood for
- because capitalism and citizenship co-exist, inequalities are permitted
18
Q
individuals high risk for poverty
A
- approximately 9% of persons living in families and 27% of unattached individuals are living in poverty in Canada today:
- women
- Indigenous peoples
- persons with disabilities
- recent Immigrants
- members of visible minority groups
19
Q
women in poverty
A
- mothers allowance/parental benefits program
- ‘man about the house’/’spouse about the house’
- prostitution and abortion laws
- daycare policy
- CPP
- employment insurance
- wage discrepancies
20
Q
mothers allowance - parental benefits program
A
- reserved for widows whose husbands passed during the war, when it was originally introduced
- thought be deserving because of their husbands duty in the army
21
Q
‘man about the house’/’spouse about the house’
A
- heavy monitoring of women on welfare to see if any man entered the home; because if he enters the home he therefore is a financial contributor and she isn’t deserved welfare
- based on the assumption men are always providing
22
Q
daycare policy
A
- government is lagging on daycare policy
- accessible and affordable daycare programs would contribute to the reduction of child poverty
23
Q
CPP for women in poverty
A
focused only productive labour only so you can’t get it if you haven’t contributed through work to CPP meaning full-time moms would no qualify
24
Q
indigenous peoples in poverty
A
- the indian Act denied citizenship and disallowed their ability to vote and stripped women of their indian status if their married a non-indigenous man
- reserve land provided on the basis of Indian Status
- Canada Pension Plan didn’t include indigenous Canadians till 1988
- education systems on reserves are grossly underfunded
- systemic racism: maintained in poverty because they are over incarcerated and over-policed
25
Q
persons with disabilities in poverty
A
- social mobility infrastructure: e.g. accessible sidewalks, ramps for buildings and transport
- tracking/Streamed programs: e.g. education programs for children with learning disabilities
- human rights legislation: Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
26
Q
recent immigrants and members of visible minority groups in poverty
A
- Chinese workers: used for cheap labour to build the railroad and then a head tax policy was applied to repent them from staying and brining their families over
- point system
- undervaluation of education: people with high education credentials coming into Canada unable to provide the same for their families here
- immigrant women: come in with Live-in Caregiver Program and are often denied equal citizenship or prevented from getting other jobs
- temporary foreign workers: heavily exploited in the marketplace because they don’t have access to the same rights
- systematic racism and discrimination: e.g. police-profiling of racialized Canadians can lead to increased charges, or fines
27
Q
the state influences processes of production ,reproduction and distribution
A
- may introduce policies/programs that increase equality, or may introduce policies/programs that reproduce or increase inequalities
- e.g influences production by offering tax incentives for businesses
- e.g. influences reproduction processes by offering parental leave for moms and dads
- e.g. influences distribution by providing CPP and determining who gets it, how much people get, who qualifies for EI, etc
28
Q
the state and inequality
A
- the state regulates and reproduces relations of class, gender, race, ethnicity and age through policies adapted, especially regulate through policies considering citizenship and the parts of citizenship aimed at inclusion
- much easier to govern a population that is content or are not desperate
- social citizenship = easier governance
- social inequalities have increased as the state has adopted neoliberalism
- policies and programs developed since the 1980s have failed miserably in the area of social citizenship
