Chapter 9.1

Question 1

Are solutions homogenous

Answer 1

• yes they are

- >they are mixtures of two or more substances to form a single phase

Question 2

What is the definition of solvation. What is another term for solvation

Answer 2

• it is the electrostatic interaction between solute and solvent molecules
• > it involves breaking intermolecular attractions between solute molecules/solvent molecules
• > forming new intermolecular interactions between solute and solvent molecules
• another term for solvation is dissolution
• > when water is the solvent, it is hydration

Question 3

Is solvation an exothermic or endothermic reaction

Answer 3

• it is an exothermic reaction when the new interactions are stronger than the original ones
• > it is favored at low temperatures
• it is an endothermic reaction when the new interactions are weaker than the original ones
• > this process is favored at higher temperatures

Question 4

Give an example of an exothermic solvation reaction

Answer 4

-gases turning into liquids

Question 5

Give an example of an endothermic solvation reaction

Answer 5

-dissolving ammonium nitrate or sugar in water

Question 6

What is an ideal solution

Answer 6

• when the overall strength of the new interaction is approximately equal to that of the original one
• > therefore, the overall enthalpy change for the dissolution is close to zero

Question 7

What is the definition of solubulity

Answer 7

-it is the maximum amount of the substance that is dissolved in a particular solvent at a given temperature

Question 8

What is the definition of saturated

Answer 8

• when maximum amount of solute has been added to the solvent
• > the dissolved solute is in equilibrium with the undissolved state
• > no more solute can be added, as it won’t dissolve

Question 9

What is the definition of concentrated and or dilute. Does either or mean the solution is saturated.

Answer 9

Concentrated
->one in which the proportion of solute to solvent is large

Dilute
->one in which the proportion of solute to solvent is small

-neither nor means the solution is saturated

Question 10

At what concentration are solutes considered soluble

Answer 10

-they are considered soluble at solubilities of 0.1 M or above

Question 11

What are sparingly soluble salts

Answer 11

• solutes that dissolve minimally in the solvent

- >they have molar solubility under 0.1 M

Question 12

What are the most important solubility rules for the MCAT

Answer 12

1)All salts of Group 1 metals and nitrate salts are soluble

Question 13

What is the definition of a coordination compound

Answer 13

• it refers to when the cation is bonded to at least one electron pair donor(could include a water molecule)
• > the electron pair donor molecules are ligands
• note complexes are held together with coordinate covalent bonds
• > the electron pair donor(Lewis Base) and an electron pair acceptor(Lewis Acid) form together

Question 14

What are the physical and chemical properties of complex ions

Answer 14

• their chemical and physical properties are very diverse

- >include a wide range of solubilities and varied chemical reactions

Question 15

What is meant by the term chelation

Answer 15

• the central cation bound to the same ligand in multiple places
• > it requires large organic ligands that can double back to form a second or third bond with the central cation

Question 16

What is chelation used for in terms of toxic metals

Answer 16

-it can be used to sequester toxic meticals

Question 17

How could you increase the solubility

Answer 17

• solubility of solids can be increased by increasing the temperature
• solubility of gases can be increased by decreasing the temperature