Chapter 9 Vocabulary

Question 1

Chronically Undernourished

Answer 1

Those people whose diet doesn’t provide the 2,200 cal per day, on average, considered necessary for a health productive life

Question 2

Food Security

Answer 2

The ability of individuals to obtain sufficient food on a day-to-day basis

Question 3

Obese

Answer 3

Generally considered to be a body mass greater than 30kg/m2, or roughly 30 pounds above normal for an average person

Question 4

Malnourishment

Answer 4

Nutritional imbalance caused by lack of specific dietary components or inability to absorb or utilize essential nutrients

Question 5

Anemia

Answer 5

Low levels of hemoglobin due to iron deficiency or lack of red blood cells

Question 6

Kwashiorkor

Answer 6

A widespread human protein deficiency disease resulting form a starch diet low in protein and essential amino acids

Question 7

Marasmus

Answer 7

A widespread human protein deficiency disease caused by a diet low in calories and protein or imbalanced in essential amino acids

Question 8

Confined Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO)

Answer 8

Facilities in which large numbers of animals spend most or all of their life in confinement

Question 9

Aquaculture

Answer 9

Growing aquatic species in net pens or tanks

Question 10

Genetic Engineering

Answer 10

Laboratory manipulation of genetic material using molecular biology techniques to create desired characteristics in organisms

Question 11

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s)

Answer 11

Organisms whose genetic code has been altered by artificial means such as interspecies gene transfer

Question 12

Soil Erosion

Answer 12

After plowing/harvesting, loose soil is
easily blown away by wind or washed away by rain.
Excessive irrigation causes greater runoff and depletes
aquifers. Soil is considered renewable, however, it takes a
great amount of time

Question 13

Soil Conservation Stratagies

Answer 13

Methods to reduce soil erosion

Question 14

Deforestation

Answer 14

Removal of forests in order to clear land
for growing crops. Many negative impacts on ecology:
destroys habitats, reduces groundcover, dries out soil,
increases soil erosion, eliminates a carbon reservoir

Question 15

Fertilizer Runoff

Answer 15

Causes nutrient pollution which may

lead to cultural eutrophication and hypoxia

Question 16

Desertification

Answer 16

Occurs in areas near deserts, farming

dries out soil and expands the desert area

Question 17

Soil Salinization

Answer 17

Occurs in dry climates receiving excessive irrigation. Dissolved salts accumulate in the soil. Eventually too salty for crop growth.

Question 18

Waterlogging

Answer 18

In areas with a high water table, excessive

irrigation raises level to submerge roots

Question 19

Pest

Answer 19

Any living thing that competes with humans for food

Question 20

Herbicides

Answer 20

Control weeds

Question 21

Fungicides

Answer 21

Control fungus

Question 22

Rodenticides

Answer 22

Control rodents

Question 23

Insecticides

Answer 23

Control insects

Question 24

Broad Spectrum Pesticides

Answer 24

Kill many different species; an environmental problem because the “good” species are killed with the “bad”
Examples:
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT, Dieldrin)
Organophosphates (Malathion, Parathion)

Question 25

Narrow Spectrum Pesticiedes

Answer 25

Only kill a target species, such as “ant killer”

Question 26

Pesticide Treadmill

Answer 26

Following an application of pesticide, most target
pests will die. The survivors already have some
genetic resistance. The survivors reproduce and pass
their resistance to their young. The farmer will have
to apply greater concentrations on this generation
for the same effect. This process continues until the
pesticide is no longer effective

Question 27

IPM

Answer 27

Integrated Pest Management

Question 28

Factory Farm

Answer 28

A large-scale animal confinement operation. Hundreds, thousands, or millions of animals are housed together, fattened quickly with antibiotics and growth hormones

Question 29

CAFO

Answer 29

Confined Animal Feeding Operations

Question 30

Long-line Fishing

Answer 30

Up to 80 miles of fishing line is strung out with thousands of baited hooks attached and then hauled in. Used to catch
swordfish, tuna and shark

Question 31

Purse Seine Fishing

Answer 31

Net is thrown over a large school of fish, then closed like a purse and pulled back on the ship

Question 32

Bycatch

Answer 32

Other species are accidentally caught and killed such as sea turtles, dolphins and sea birds

Question 33

Drift-net Fishing

Answer 33

Net is set to hang down in the water (up to 50 feet below) and extend for miles. These nets catch large numbers of non-target species, especially turtles and dolphins

Question 34

Trawler Fishing

Answer 34

Large metal chain baskets holding nets are dragged across the ocean floor scouring the bottom for shrimp, scallops, flounder, etc. Damages bottom formations

Question 35

Soil

Answer 35

Composed of a complex mixture of weathered rock, partially decomposed organic material, and organisms

Question 36

Soil Horizons

Answer 36

The horizontal layers the soil forms into

Question 37

Soil Profile

Answer 37

A cross-section of soil horizons or
layers. Most of the living organisms are found near
the top of the profile

Question 38

O Horizon

Answer 38

Surface soil, contains partially decomposed plant material

and/or leaf litter

Question 39

A Horizon

Answer 39

Topsoil, mineral-containing weathered rock material and organic matter (humus)

Question 40

B Horizon

Answer 40

Subsoil, less organic material and more mineral particles

Question 41

C Horizon

Answer 41

Weathered parent material on top of bedrock

Question 42

Soil Triangle

Answer 42

Used to determine textural classes of soil based on the percentage of sand, silt, and clay in the soil

Question 43

Goiter

Answer 43

Condition that occurs as a result of a diet
low in iodine. A swollen neck develops because the
thyroid gland enlarges

Question 44

Vitamin A Definciency

Answer 44

Children will be more susceptible to infectious disease and blindness