1st Semester Exam Flashcards
1
Q
In a tragedy of the commons, an example of a “common” would include?
A
An ocean fishery
2
Q
All non-renewable resources are?
A
Exhaustible
3
Q
What could be considered an “ecosystem service”?
A
Wetlands providing flood control for cities
4
Q
What could decrease one’s ecological footprint?
A
Walking to school rather than driving
5
Q
The book “Silent Spring” is associated with what person?
A
Rachel Carson
6
Q
The temperature of your skin increases, which leads to an increase in perspiration. Perspiration evaporates from the surface of your skin. The temperature of your skin then decreases. What is this an example of?
A
A negative feedback loop
7
Q
Who was the founder of the “Green Belt Movement”?
A
Wangari Maathai
8
Q
The idea that economic improvement for the world’s poorest populations is possible without devastating the environment is known as what?
A
Sustainable Development
9
Q
What fraction of the world lives in extreme poverty (less than $1 a day)?
A
1/5
10
Q
Where are the majority of the world’s dirtiest cities located?
A
In China
11
Q
“Creation Care” or the idea of taking care of the environment because God gave it to us is called?
A
Stewardship
12
Q
Where on the axis is the dependent variable plotted?
A
Y-Axis
13
Q
Where on the axis is the independent variable plotted?
A
X-Axis
14
Q
Where did the worst nuclear accident in history happen?
A
Chernobyl, Ukraine
15
Q
Statistics are used in what?
A
Analyzing Data
16
Q
A revolution in scientific thinking is known as a what?
A
Paradigm Shift
17
Q
An experiment in which a test group does not receive a variable is called a what?
A
Controlled Study
18
Q
A testable explanation based on research alone is a what?
A
Hypothesis
19
Q
What is the first calculation needed to determine the standard deviation of a set of values is the what?
A
Mean
20
Q
What role in terrestrial food chains do bacteria by an underwater vent fill?
A
Autotrophic, primary producers
21
Q
On land, water that reaches the atmosphere from the surface of leaves does so through a process known as what?
A
Transpiration
22
Q
What is not a form of electromagnetic radiation?
A
Sound Waves
23
Q
The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. A neutral nitrogen-15 atom is composed of what?
A
7 protons, 8 neutrons, and 7 electrons
24
Q
Excessive inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds may cause excessive growth of vegetation in surface waters. What is this process known as?
A
Eutrohication
25
Nitrogen fixation will take place in fields that are planted with what?
Soy Beans
26
A 3000-watt (3kWh) space heater was used for 3 hours. How much energy did the heater use?
9 kWh
27
What is not an ecosystem service?
Ozone Depletion
28
What types of plants are involved in the nitrogen-fixing process?
Legumes
29
What process decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Photosynthesis
30
Acid rain with a pH of 5 is more acidic than distilled water by a factor of?
100
31
What kind or organisms could be tertiary consumers?
Top of the food chain animals such as sharks and lions
32
What type of animal does not remove waste form the environment when feeding?
Carnivores
33
What are the 2 high-energy molecules?
ATP and NADPH
34
Entropy, the tendency toward disorder in a system resulting in less available energy to do work is part of what?
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
35
1 calorie is equal to how many Jules?
4.184 J
36
Extremophiles obtain energy for metabolic processes through what?
Chemosynthesis
37
What is the smallest unit of a compound?
Molecule
38
What is the smallest unit of an element?
Atom
39
Compounds such as water and carbon dioxide are held together by what type of bond?
Covalent
40
Organic compound contain what element?
Carbon
41
Bases are substances that give up what type of ions in water?
Hydroxide
42
A special class of proteins that include catalysts are what?
Enzymes
43
What element cycle contributes greatly to soil pH changes, acid rain, air pollution from burning fossil fuels, and human eye and respiratory illnesses?
The Sulfur Cycle
44
`What biome is maintained through occaisional fires?
Grasslands
45
What non-point pollution type is most likely to cause cultural eutrophication in lake ecosystems?
Fertilizer from agricultural fields
46
Photosynthetic organisms such as phytoplankton would be most abundant in what oceanic zone?
Euphotic
47
What country would have the largest percentage of boreal forests?
Russia
48
The land area that delivers recharge to smaller tributary streams that flow into larger rivers is known as what?
Watershed
49
What is the strongest influence on the system of ocean currents running between the tropics and the poles?
Differences in water density due to temperature and salinity concentrations
50
What are 4 reasons why coral reefs and estuaries can support such a high level of diversity?
1: Both ecosystems have abundant nutrient flow supporting phytoplankton populations
2: Coral reefs and estuaries receive and abundant amount of sunlight
3: Both ecosystems provide plenty of habitat space for organisms
4: These ecosystems do not have commercially important species therefore human impact on biodiversity is limited
51
Deep lakes that are characterized by steep banks and have a relatively small supply of plant nutrients are known as what?
Oligotrophic
52
A rise in ocean acidification would have a devastating impact on coral ecosystems because?
It would decrease the ability of the corals to form their exoskeletons
53
What is not an ecosystem service provided by forests?
Road contruction
54
What has the lowest average net primary productivity?
Tundras
55
What ecosystem is characterized by the following?:
Long, hot summers and moderate moist winters; Mostly found along coastal areas such as the Pacific Coast of North America, the coastal hills of Chile, and the Mediterranean
Chaparral
56
What is it called when a species is physically separated long enough that they become two different species?
Geographic Isolation
57
The loss of forested land would most likely do what?
Increase the total amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide
58
When new surface area is available, and organisms can begin to inhabit it, what is the ecological succession order?
Lichens, grasses, shrubs, and trees
59
The traits that allow a species to survive in its environment represent what?
Adaptation
60
What practice is the most damaging to coral?
Bottom Trawling
61
Why does primary succession come before secondary succession?
Primary succession establishes soil in the area
62
What is necessary to calculate the net primary productivity of an ecosystem?
Amount of energy produced by photosynthesis and lost by plant respiration per unit area per unit time
63
What area would have the most biodiversity?
A low altitude near the equator
64
The size and isolation of an island will have the greatest effect on its what?
Species Diversity
65
What would lead to a species adapting quickly to environmental change?
Short Generational Time Spans
66
In general, what percentage of energy is tranferred form one trophic level to the next?
10%
67
In lakes, in what zone is the nutrient-rich water near the shore?
Littoral Zone
68
What is another names for the first colonists in ecological succession?
Pioneer Species
69
What biome would produce the most biomass?
Estuary
70
How do sea otters protect kelp forests in the North Pacific Ocean?
They eat sea urchins
71
When a harmless species resembles a nasty, poisonous species, and gains protection from predators, what kind of mimicry is this?
Batesian Mimicry
72
Exponential growth rates when graphed produce what shape curve?
J-shaped
73
The number or biomass of a species that can be supported in a certain area without depleting resources is called what?
Carrying Capacity
74
What are organisms that have a high reproductive rate to overcome high mortality rates are called what?
r-selected species
75
What is not an abiotic factor?
Disease-causing bacteria
76
Interspecific interactions occur how?
Between Species
77
What is the net annual percentage growth rate formula?
(Births + Immigrants) - (Deaths + Emmigrants)
78
What year did the U.S. experience its highest birth rate?
1970
79
What country is most likely to experience negative population growth?
Lithuania (Eastern Europe, though any European country would do at this point)
80
Stress-related disease in a population are what?
Density-dependent
81
The minimum viable population size is the population size required to prevent what?
Extinction
82
Every second, how many babies are born and how many people die?
5 babies
| 2 adults
83
Who argued that population growth is the ultimate cause of many of the world's social and environmental problems?
Thomas Malthus
84
What area of the world is experiencing the highest fertility rate?
Africa
85
What area of the world has the largest percentage of the global population?
Asia
86
What area of the world consumes the largest amount of global resources per capita?
North America
87
When compared to most developed countries, most developing countries have higher what?
Infant mortality rates
88
What is a density-independent control factor?
Habitat Destruction
89
What factor is most directly responsible for the growth of the human populaiton in the past 100 years?
Improved medical care and sanitation
90
Replacement-level fertility in a developed nation is likely to be nearest to what?
2.1
91
Rachel Carson is to DDT as what?
Roland and Molina are to CFC's
92
The extinciton of what animal would be most devastating to life on Earth?
Honeybee
93
What are the top two populated countries?
1: China
2: India
94
The TFR is the number of children born...
To one woman in her lifetime
95
In the last 100 years, the average life expectancy of a world citizen has increased by over how many years?
30 years
96
In Africa, what reduced the population by more than 25%?
AIDS
97
When did the world population reach 1 billion?
In 1800
98
When a developing country goes from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, this pattern is known as what?
Demographic Transition
99
What respiratory disease spread rapidly through China before being contained in 2003?
SARS
100
What chemical is being used in the U.S. to control pest populaitons?
Atrazine
101
Who developed the theory of island biogeography?
E.O. Wilson
102
What was the international agreement to phase out 12 organic, persistent pollutants known as the dirty dozen?
Persistent Organic Pollutants Treaty
103
What is a long-time exposure to a chemical called?
A chronic effect
104
From what product could you contract bisphenol A (BPA)?
Plastic food containers and water bottles
105
What is a non-transmissible disease that is the leading killer worldwide and in the U.S?
Cardiovascular Disease
106
What solution to reducing infectious diseases in developing countries would have the most immediate impact?
Sanitation practices to provide clean drinking water
107
What animal (or types of animal) is the least vunerable to biomagnification?
Moose (Herbivores)
108
What is an example of an infectious disease that is not transmitted directly from human to human?
Malaria
109
What is 1ppm (parts per million) equivalent to?
1,000 ppb (parts per billion)
110
What disease is not transmitted through water?
AIDS
111
What causes sick building syndrome?
Indoor air pollution
112
Morbidity
Illness
113
WHO
World Health Organization
114
DALYs
Disability Adjusted Life Years
115
What was the leading cause of death in the 1990s?
Pneumonia
116
Disease-causeing organisms that afflict humans are known as what?
Pathogens
117
In 2001, West NIle Virus was contracted in what state?
Florida
118
What ranks first in the top toxic and hazardous substances?
Arsenic
119
Substances that activate the immune system are called what?
Allergens
120
What chemicals cause abnormalities in embryonic growth and development?
Teratogens
121
What kind of solubility aids in biomagnification?
Oil-Solubility
122
What is not a POP?
MRSA
123
The accumulatio of toxins in the body that we acquire form air, water, diet, and out surrounding is called what?
Body Burden
124
What organ is responsible for filtering out toxins?
Liver
125
What is a recent emergent disease?
Ebola
126
The possibility of suffering harm or loss is called what?
Risk
