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APES: A Global Concern > Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Geology and Earth Resources Flashcards

1
Q

Core

A

The dense, intensely hot mass of molten metal, mostly iron and nickle, thousands of kilometers in diameter at the earth’s center

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2
Q

Mantle

A

A hot, pliable layer of rock that surrounds the earth’s core and underlies the cool, outer crust

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3
Q

Crust

A

The cool, lightweight, outermost layer of the earth’s surface that floats o the soft, pliable underlying layers; similar to the “skin” on a bowl of warm pudding

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4
Q

What are the 3 most common elements in the Earth?

A

Iron, Oxygen, and Silicon

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5
Q

What are the 3 most common elements in the crust?

A

Oxygen(45.2%), Silicon(27.2%), and Aluminum(8.2%)

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6
Q

How old is the crust?

A

Less than 200 million years

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7
Q

Tectonic Plates

A

Huge blocks of the earth’s crust that slide around slowly, pulling apart to open new ocean basins or crashing ponderously into each other to create new, larger landmasses

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8
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock from deep in the earth’s interior; called lava when it spews from volcanic vents

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9
Q

Mid-Ocean Ridges

A

Mountain ranges on the ocean floor created where molten magma is forced up through the cracks in the planet’s crust

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10
Q

What are earthquakes caused by?

A

The grinding and jerking of plates as they slide past each other

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11
Q

When will Los Angeles pass San Francisco (predicted)?

A

In 30 million years

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12
Q

Subduction

A

The process by which one tectonic plate is pushed down below another as plates crash into each other

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13
Q

Mineral

A

A naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound with a definite chemical composition and a regular internal crystal structure

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14
Q

Rock

A

A solid, cohesive, aggregate of one or more minerals

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15
Q

Rock Cycle

A

The process whereby rocks are broken down by chemical and physical forces; sediments are moved by wind, water, and gravity, sedimented and reformed into rock, and then crushed, folded, melted, and recrystallized into new forms

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16
Q

Igneous Rocks

A

Crystalline minerals solidified from molten magma from deep int eh earth’s interior; basalt, rhyolite, adesite, lava, and granite are examples

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17
Q

Metamorphic Rocks

A

Igneous and sedimentary rocks modified by heat, pressure, and chemical reactions; marble, quartzite, and slate.

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18
Q

Weathering

A

Changes in rocks brought about by exposure to air, water, changing temperatures, and reactive chemical agents

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19
Q

Mechanical Weathering

A

The physical breakup of rocks into smaller particles without a change in chemical composition of the constituent minerals

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20
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

The selective removal or alteration of specific components that leads to weakening and desintegration of rock

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21
Q

Oxidation

A

Combination of oxygen with an element to form and oxide or hydroxide mineral

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22
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Hydrogen atoms from water molecules combine with other chemicals to form acids

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23
Q

Sedimentation

A

The deposition of organic materials or minerals by chemical, physical, or biological processes

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24
Q

Lithosphere

A

Earth’s crust made up of a layer of rock

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25
Q

The lithosphere is broken into pieces called what?

A

Plates

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26
Q

What does the lithosphere rest on?

A

Partially molten rock material called the asthenosphere

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27
Q

Theory of Plate Tectonics

A

Explains the method by which large crustal plates can move

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28
Q

How do the plates on the Earth’s surface move?

A

Convection of heat in the asthenosphere

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29
Q

How is the direction of the tectonic plates’ movement determined?

A

The direction of the convection of heat

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30
Q

Convergent Plate Boundary

A

Plates are pushing into each other

Ex: subduction zones and transform faults

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31
Q

Divergent Plate Boundary

A

Plates are pulling apart from each other

Ex: mid-ocean ridge, Red Sea, African Rift Valley

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32
Q

Hot Spot

A

Hole in the midst of a plate where magma may rise.

Ex: Hawaii

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33
Q

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

A

Convergent, divergent, and hot spot

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34
Q

Pangea

A

Supercontinent where all plates were joined

35
Q

Laurasia and Gondwanaland

A

Resulted from the separation of Pangaea

36
Q

Laurasia

A

Northern mass

37
Q

Gondwanaland

A

Southern mass

38
Q

How many continents are there?

A

7 continents

39
Q

What are the 7 continents?

A

North America, South America, Europe, Australia, Antarctica, Africa, and Asia

40
Q

Eras

A

Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, Precambrian Time

41
Q

Periods

A

Increments of eras based on dominant species and extinctions of life forms

42
Q

Epochs

A

Divided periods of the Cenozoic (current era)

43
Q

Rock Cycle

A
  • Magma cools to form igneous rock
  • Igneous rock can be weathered into sediment to form sedimentary rock or reheated to form metamorphic rock.
  • Sediments can be consolidated to form sedimentary rock, then heated to become metamorphic rock
44
Q

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

A

Cool underground from magma

Ex. Granite

45
Q

Extrusive Igneous Rocks

A

Cool above ground from lava

Ex. Obsidian

46
Q

Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

A

Show bands or layers

Ex. Gneiss (Granite)

47
Q

Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

A

Show no bands or layers

Ex. Marble (Limestone)

48
Q

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

A

Sediments of varying sizes that have been compacted/cemented together
Ex. Conglomerate

49
Q

Non-Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

A

Sediments form out of solution or from living materials

Ex. Coal

50
Q

How much rock is estimated that humans move a year?

A

30-35 gigatons of rock material per year worldwide

1 gigaton = 1 billion tons

51
Q

What human activities move rock?

A

Building excavations, road construction, and mineral production

52
Q

Economic Geology

A

Study of minerals that are valuable for manufacturing and commerce
Most are metal-bearing ores

53
Q

What are the top 5 metals consumed in the U.S?

A

Aluminum, Chromium, Copper, Iron, and Lead

54
Q

What are the top 5 non-metals consumed in the U.S?

A

Gravel, clay, sand, salt, and graphite

55
Q

What are the top 3 metals used worldwide?

A

Iron, Aluminum, and Manganese

56
Q

What countries/places are the top 3 consumers of the metals?

A

U.S.A
Japan
Europe

57
Q

MIning

A

Minerals and fossil fuels are mined from the earth’s crust.

Methods vary due to topography, safety and economics (cost)

58
Q

Surface or Strip Mining

A

Removes deposits that lie in horizontal beds
Land is first clear-cut, then land over the deposit is removed with explosives and heavy equipment. Then, the deposit is removed. (Even when reclaimed, there is long-term environmental damage.)

59
Q

Mountaintop Removal

A

Type of surface mining. Technique for coal mining. Explosives are used to remove the top of a mountain,
excessive land materials are moved to the
valley and sometimes fill rivers/streams

60
Q

Open-Pit MIning

A

A huge hole is dug in the ground using explosives and heavy equipment, then the desired deposit is removed

Abandoned pits often fill with water which becomes acidic
from mining waste

61
Q

Subsurface Mining

A

Deep mine shafts are dug with branching underground tunnels

There is less habitat destruction on the surface but these mines are dangerous. Cave-ins, toxic fume build-up,
dust, and flooding can kill miners

62
Q

Drilling

A

Used primarily for liquid and gas extraction. Drilling pads/platforms are needed and pipelines are often constructed

Danger in high pressures associated with drilling. Off-shore drilling can result in spills/leaks

63
Q

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977)

A

Regulates U.S. coal mining activities and
requires reclaiming (returning it to original state)
of land after use

64
Q

Federal Mine Safety and Health Act

A

Sets forth federal health and safety regulations for both coal
and non-coal mining operations in the U.S

65
Q

The General Mining Law of 1872

A

Encourages exploration and mining of mineral resources.
Corporations can buy large tracts of land cheap

Critics say its not fair for corporations to not pay
royalties or adequately clean up

66
Q

Energy Policy Act

A

Provides incentives to corporations for developing energy resources including fossil fuels, nuclear, and alternative
energy resources

67
Q

What are 2 environmental costs of mining?

A

*Mining usually begins with clear-cutting forests
and removing the native vegetation. Soil horizons
are destroyed; Mining produces the most
hazardous emissions of any activity

*Streams and rivers are polluted with silt and sand,
sometimes completely clogged or buried. Toxic
chemicals used in mining can leach into
waterways

68
Q

In the U.S., what percentage of all solid waste comes from mining operations?

A

75%

69
Q

Acid Mining Drainage

A

Sulfur compounds in mine waste form sulfuric acid solution creating acidic runoff

70
Q

Ore

A

Rock material containing a resource that can be mined for a profit. High-grade ores are desirable. Low-grade ores have small amounts of resource or are too expensive to mine

Mineral resources are classified as non-
renewable

71
Q

Smelting

A

The heating of ores to remove metals produces air pollution

The pollution contains
heavy metals, particulate matter, and sulfur
dioxide which can transform into acid rain

72
Q

Cyanide Solution Mining (Heap-Leach Extraction)

A

Practice of spraying cyanide solutions on piles of crushed ore to dissolve the rock material and leave metal (gold) behind

This leaves cyanide-laced residue that can leach into
groundwater or runoff to poison local waterways

73
Q

Reserve

A

A location from a mineral can be
extracted in an economically viable manner

Ex. NW U.S. silver reserve

74
Q

Earthquakes

A 
Are sudden movements in the earth’s crust that occur 
along faults (breaks in rock material that move or shift)

Usually occur without warming; Death tolls are highest in places with poor building construction (Haiti)

75
Q

Tsunamis

A

Occur when earthquakes take place on the ocean floor sending a column of water into motion

76
Q

Volcanoes

A

Are mountain structures with tectonic activity. They have at some point in their history had a magma chamber and vent
capable of extruding hot, molten rock (gas, ash, and lava)

77
Q

Nuees Ardentes

A

(French for glowing clouds) are deadly mixtures of hot gas and ash
The famous eruption of Mt. Vesuvius produced this event

78
Q

Mass Wasting

A

Gravity acts on crustal material to produce mass movement

Fast – rockslide, mudslide, avalanche
(landslides)

Slow – creep, slump

Cost – over 1 billion dollars in property
damage occurs each year in the U.S. due to
landslides. California is an area with the
highest costs because people build expensive
homes on steep hills of unconsolidated soil.

79
Q

What is the rule about the Richter Scale?

A

For every unit increase in the Richter scale, ground displacement increases by a factor of 10, while energy increases by a factor of 30.

80
Q

What were the top five worst natural disasters caused by?

A

Floods

81
Q

Where were the top five worst natural disasters?

A

In China

82
Q

What are the top 5 world’s worst polluted places?

A 
Chernobyl, Ukraine; Nuclear power plant
Dzerzhinsk, Russia; Weapons production
Haina, Dominican Republic; Lead smelter
Kabwe, Zambia; Lead mine and smelter
La Oroya, Peru; Mine and smelter
83
Q

What magnitude on the Richter Scale defines each type of earthquake?

A 
2-2.9; Unnoticeable
3-3.9; Smallest felt
4-4.9; Minor earthquake
5-5.9; Damaging earthquake
6-6.9; Destructive earthquake
7-7.9; Major earthquake
>8; Great earthquake

APES: A Global Concern (45 decks)

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