Chapter 12: Biodiversity Preserving Landscape Flashcards
1
Q
How many hectares of forests and woodlands are there and what percent of the world do forests and woodlands cover?
A
4 billion hectares; 30%
2
Q
What percent of the world do grasslands cover?
A
4 billion hectares; 30%
3
Q
What are the 2 most abundant forests around the world?
A
Boreal and Tropical
4
Q
50% of the world’s forests are in what 5 countries?
A
Russia, Brazil, Canada, China, and the U.S.
5
Q
Forest
A
Any area where trees cover more than
10% of the land area
6
Q
What is the Great Range of Tree Density?
A
Savanna – trees cover less than 20% of the ground
Closed-canopy forest – tree crowns overlap to cover most of the ground.
Primary Forest – composed primarily of native species without indication of human activity; undisturbed ecology.
7
Q
Primary forests are what fraction or percentage of all forests? (Globally)
A
1/3; 33%
8
Q
Monoculture Forestry
A
Single species, single use, intensive cropping. Farmed primarily for wood production.
Ex. Pine Trees in Union County
Notes: Little biodiversity
9
Q
What fraction or percentage of the world’s forests are managed for wood production?
A
1/4; 25%
10
Q
Deforestation
A
The loss of forests
11
Q
What are some causes of deforestation?
A
Clear-cutting (logging) Fires Biofuel production Cattle-ranching Intrusive farming practices
12
Q
What was the Roadless Rule?
A
Passed in 2001 by the Clinton Administration which did not allow roads through forests
13
Q
Forest Protection
A
An attempt to save forests
Tropical rainforests are the most highly targeted
areas. In undeveloped countries there are debt-
for-nature swaps.
14
Q
What percentage of forests are under a “protected” statue?
A
12%
15
Q
In what decade did the U.S. Forest Service begin to
shift concerns in forest management to
ecosystem sustainable development?
A
1990’s
16
Q
What is the New Philosophy?
A
- Managing landscapes, watersheds; entire regions
- Considering human needs
- Maintaining biological diversity
- Generating public involvement and decision-making
- Experimenting and monitoring
- Use cooperative institutional arrangements
17
Q
What biome is among the most used by humans?
A
Grasslands
18
Q
What biome comprises up to 1/4 of Earth’s surface?
A
Grasslands
19
Q
What are 2 examples of grasslands?
A
U.S. Great Plains
Canadian Prairie Provinces
20
Q
Pastoralists/Ranchers
A
People who live by herding animals
21
Q
Overgrazing
A
Occurs when grazing lands are abused, especially in arid areas
22
Q
What does overgrazing lead to?
A
Desertification
23
Q
Desertification
A
Fertile land becomes desert
24
Q
What does overgrazing allow?
A
The growing of inedible species
Ex. Sage, mesquite, cheatgrass, cactus, etc…
25
Cow Welfare
Ranchers are required to pay for federal grazing permits.
Ex. The government pays 47 million in administration fees to
collect 11 million dollars in fees. The 36 million dollar difference is referred to as cow welfare
26
Rotational Grazing
Confining animals to a small area for a short time (day or two) then shifting them to a new location
27
What percent of land is labeled as preserved or as a park or management area?
12%
28
When was Yellowstone Park created and by whom?
1872; Ulysses S. Grant
29
How many categories of protected areas does the World Conservation Union?
5 categories
30
Venezuela claims to have what percentage of its land protected?
70%
31
What country has the most amount of land protected?
Brazil; 1.6 million km squared
32
What percent of land does the U.S. have protected?
15.8%
33
When was the U.S. National Park Service established?
1916
34
Ecotourism
Tourism that is ecologically and socially sustainable. This type of tourism is gaining in popularity
35
What 3 strategies for protecting the world's natural resources has the IUCN developed? (World Conservation Strategy)
1. Maintain essential ecological processes and
life-support systems needed for human
survival
2. Preserve genetic diversity for breeding
programs to improve cultivated plants and
animals
3. Ensure that any use of wild species or
ecosystem is sustainable
36
What is one of the most threatened marine ecosystems?
Coral reefs
37
What country protects the Great Barrier Reef and how big is the Great Barrier Reef?
Australia; 344,000 km squared
38
What is the main threat to marine ecosystems?
Habitat destruction
39
Overharvesting (Marine)
Unsustainable fishing practices and bycatch problems
40
Pollution (Marine)
Caused by chemical runoff, plastics, eutrophication, sewage
41
Climate Change (Marine)
Sea level changes and temperature changes in water bodies can destroy habitats; Coral reefs are very temperature sensitive;
42
Invasive Species (Marine)
Ballast water in cargo ships transports invasive marine species which can eliminate native species decreasing biodiversity
43
What percent of fish species have lakes and rivers lost due to human activities?
50%
44
What are 4 threats to freshwater ecosystems?
```
Pollution
Destruction of riparian zones
Invasive species (example: Zebra mussel)
Sustaining biodiversity (reuse treated
wastewater, protect riparian zones, reduce
fertilizer and pesticide use)
```
45
List 4 legislative acts of protection.
1968 – National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act; wild and scenic rivers are only accessible by trail, no dams are allowed, no widening, dredging or filling
1972 – Marine Mammal Protection Act; humans cannot harass, hunt or kill marine mammals
1973 – Conservation on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES); lists species that cannot be commercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products
1973 – Endangered Species Act (ESA); identifies and protects threatened and endangered species, putting their interest above economic considerations
46
What percentage of the world's land use is forest and woodland?
```
Forest and woodland; 29%
Others:
Range and pasture; 27%
Cropland; 11%
Other(Tundra, desert, wetlands, and urban areas); 33%
```
47
What percentage of the world's land use, forest and woodland (29%) is tropical moist forest?
```
Tropical Moist Forest; 42%
Others:
Boreal Forest; 33%
Temperate Forest; 11%
Subtropical Forest; 9%
Tropical Dry Forest; 5%
```
48
Which continent has the largest tropical forests?
South America
49
In South America, what percentage of the world's forest area does it inhabit?
22%
50
"North America and Eurasia have vast areas of relatively unaltered _______ forest." Fill in the blank.
Boreal
51
According to the FAO, 9 out of 10 countries home to more than 80% of the world's primary forests are suffering what?
Unsustainable logging rates
52
What is the total annual wood consumption?
4 billion meters cubed; More than steel and plastic combined
53
How much does the trade of wood cost annually?
$100 billion
54
"Developed countries producing less than ____ of all industrial wood but account for about __ percent of its consumption." Fill in the blank.
Half; 80%
55
"Less developed countries, mainly in the tropics, produce more than ____ of all industrial wood but use only __ percent." Fill in the blank.
Half; 20%
56
What is the fastest growing type of forest product and how much of is used in wood consumption?
Paper pulp; 1/5 or 20%
57
What three countries are the largest producers of paper pulp and industrial wood?
United States, Russia, and Canada
58
Fuelwood accounts for what percentage of the world's wood use?
50%
59
What amount of fuelwood does a person in a lesser-developed country use in a year?
1 meter cubed
60
How many people have less fuel wood than they normally need?
1.5 billion people
61
A century ago how many kilometers squared of tropical lands were covered by primary forests?
12.5 million km squared
| 5 million mi squared
62
How many hectares does the FAO estimate are cut and/or burned every year?
13 million hectares
63
How many hectares are being cut down in Indonesia's rainforest annually?
2 million hectares
| 5 million acres
64
What is one of the best known projects involving rehabilitating the land and restoring its ecosystem?
Dan Janzen's work in Guanacaste National Park in Costa Rica.
65
What is REDD, who launched it, and when?
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries, it allowed poorer countries to sell carbon offset credits by protecting their forests; United Nations; 2008
66
Debt-For-Nature-Swaps
Forgiveness of international debt in exchange for nature protection in developing countries
67
When did the U.S. adopt the Northwest Forest Plan?
1994
68
The U.S. Forest Service estimates how many hectares and what percentage of all federal forestlands are at risk of severe fires?
33 million hectares
| 40% of all federal forestlands
69
Ecosystem Management
An integration of ecological, economic, and social goals in a unified systems approach to resource management
70
What is the Draft Criteria for Sustainable Forestry?
1: Conservation of biological diversity
2: Maintenance of productive capacity of forest ecosystems
3: Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality
4: Maintenance of soil and water resources
5: Maintenance of forest contribution to global carbon cycles
6: Maintenance and enhancement of long-term socioeconomic benefits to meet the needs of legal, institutional, and economic framework for forest conservation and sustainable management
71
Man and Biosphere program (MAB)
A design for nature preserves that divides protected areas into zones with different purposes. A highly protected core is surrounded by a buffer zone and peripheral regions in which multiple-use resource harvesting is permitted
72
Biosphere Reserves
World heritage sites identified by the IUCN as worthy for national park of wildlife refuge status because of high biological diversity or unique ecological features
Ex. Mexico's 545,000 hectare (2,100 mi squared) Sian Ka'an Reserve on the Tulum Coast of the Yucatan
73
Explain a model of a biosphere reserve.
A core where the protected species are (Turkey)
A buffer zone around that core (Vegetables)
A multipurpose zone around all the above like a nice turkey wrap (Wrap)
74
Corridors
A strip of natural habitat that connects two adjacent nature preserves to allow migration of organisms from one place to another
75
Core Habitat
Essential habitat for a species
76
Edge Effects
A change in species composition, physical conditions, or other ecological factors at the boundary between two ecosystems
77
Landscape Ecology
The study of the reciprocal effects of spatial pattern on ecological processes. A study of the ways in which landscape history shapes the features of the land and the organisms that inhabit it as well as our reaction to, and interpretation of, the land
