Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APES: A Global Concern > Chapter 12: Biodiversity Preserving Landscape > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Biodiversity Preserving Landscape Flashcards

1
Q

How many hectares of forests and woodlands are there and what percent of the world do forests and woodlands cover?

A

4 billion hectares; 30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What percent of the world do grasslands cover?

A

4 billion hectares; 30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 most abundant forests around the world?

A

Boreal and Tropical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

50% of the world’s forests are in what 5 countries?

A

Russia, Brazil, Canada, China, and the U.S.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Forest

A

Any area where trees cover more than

10% of the land area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Great Range of Tree Density?

A

Savanna – trees cover less than 20% of the ground
Closed-canopy forest – tree crowns overlap to cover most of the ground.
Primary Forest – composed primarily of native species without indication of human activity; undisturbed ecology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Primary forests are what fraction or percentage of all forests? (Globally)

A

1/3; 33%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Monoculture Forestry

A

Single species, single use, intensive cropping. Farmed primarily for wood production.
Ex. Pine Trees in Union County
Notes: Little biodiversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What fraction or percentage of the world’s forests are managed for wood production?

A

1/4; 25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Deforestation

A

The loss of forests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some causes of deforestation?

A 
Clear-cutting (logging)
Fires
Biofuel production
Cattle-ranching 
Intrusive farming practices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was the Roadless Rule?

A

Passed in 2001 by the Clinton Administration which did not allow roads through forests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Forest Protection

A

An attempt to save forests
Tropical rainforests are the most highly targeted
areas. In undeveloped countries there are debt-
for-nature swaps.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What percentage of forests are under a “protected” statue?

A

12%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In what decade did the U.S. Forest Service begin to
shift concerns in forest management to
ecosystem sustainable development?

A

1990’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the New Philosophy?

A
  • Managing landscapes, watersheds; entire regions
  • Considering human needs
  • Maintaining biological diversity
  • Generating public involvement and decision-making
  • Experimenting and monitoring
  • Use cooperative institutional arrangements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What biome is among the most used by humans?

A

Grasslands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What biome comprises up to 1/4 of Earth’s surface?

A

Grasslands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are 2 examples of grasslands?

A

U.S. Great Plains

Canadian Prairie Provinces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pastoralists/Ranchers

A

People who live by herding animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Overgrazing

A

Occurs when grazing lands are abused, especially in arid areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does overgrazing lead to?

A

Desertification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Desertification

A

Fertile land becomes desert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does overgrazing allow?

A

The growing of inedible species

Ex. Sage, mesquite, cheatgrass, cactus, etc…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cow Welfare

A

Ranchers are required to pay for federal grazing permits.
Ex. The government pays 47 million in administration fees to
collect 11 million dollars in fees. The 36 million dollar difference is referred to as cow welfare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Rotational Grazing

A

Confining animals to a small area for a short time (day or two) then shifting them to a new location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What percent of land is labeled as preserved or as a park or management area?

A

12%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When was Yellowstone Park created and by whom?

A

1872; Ulysses S. Grant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How many categories of protected areas does the World Conservation Union?

A

5 categories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Venezuela claims to have what percentage of its land protected?

A

70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What country has the most amount of land protected?

A

Brazil; 1.6 million km squared

32
Q

What percent of land does the U.S. have protected?

A

15.8%

33
Q

When was the U.S. National Park Service established?

A

1916

34
Q

Ecotourism

A

Tourism that is ecologically and socially sustainable. This type of tourism is gaining in popularity

35
Q

What 3 strategies for protecting the world’s natural resources has the IUCN developed? (World Conservation Strategy)

A
  1. Maintain essential ecological processes and
    life-support systems needed for human
    survival
  2. Preserve genetic diversity for breeding
    programs to improve cultivated plants and
    animals
  3. Ensure that any use of wild species or
    ecosystem is sustainable
36
Q

What is one of the most threatened marine ecosystems?

A

Coral reefs

37
Q

What country protects the Great Barrier Reef and how big is the Great Barrier Reef?

A

Australia; 344,000 km squared

38
Q

What is the main threat to marine ecosystems?

A

Habitat destruction

39
Q

Overharvesting (Marine)

A

Unsustainable fishing practices and bycatch problems

40
Q

Pollution (Marine)

A

Caused by chemical runoff, plastics, eutrophication, sewage

41
Q

Climate Change (Marine)

A

Sea level changes and temperature changes in water bodies can destroy habitats; Coral reefs are very temperature sensitive;

42
Q

Invasive Species (Marine)

A

Ballast water in cargo ships transports invasive marine species which can eliminate native species decreasing biodiversity

43
Q

What percent of fish species have lakes and rivers lost due to human activities?

A

50%

44
Q

What are 4 threats to freshwater ecosystems?

A 
Pollution
Destruction of riparian zones
Invasive species (example: Zebra mussel)
Sustaining biodiversity (reuse treated
wastewater, protect riparian zones, reduce 
fertilizer and pesticide use)
45
Q

List 4 legislative acts of protection.

A

1968 – National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act; wild and scenic rivers are only accessible by trail, no dams are allowed, no widening, dredging or filling
1972 – Marine Mammal Protection Act; humans cannot harass, hunt or kill marine mammals
1973 – Conservation on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES); lists species that cannot be commercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products
1973 – Endangered Species Act (ESA); identifies and protects threatened and endangered species, putting their interest above economic considerations

46
Q

What percentage of the world’s land use is forest and woodland?

A 
Forest and woodland; 29%
Others:
Range and pasture; 27%
Cropland; 11%
Other(Tundra, desert, wetlands, and urban areas); 33%
47
Q

What percentage of the world’s land use, forest and woodland (29%) is tropical moist forest?

A 
Tropical Moist Forest; 42%
Others:
Boreal Forest; 33%
Temperate Forest; 11%
Subtropical Forest; 9%
Tropical Dry Forest; 5%
48
Q

Which continent has the largest tropical forests?

A

South America

49
Q

In South America, what percentage of the world’s forest area does it inhabit?

A

22%

50
Q

“North America and Eurasia have vast areas of relatively unaltered _______ forest.” Fill in the blank.

A

Boreal

51
Q

According to the FAO, 9 out of 10 countries home to more than 80% of the world’s primary forests are suffering what?

A

Unsustainable logging rates

52
Q

What is the total annual wood consumption?

A

4 billion meters cubed; More than steel and plastic combined

53
Q

How much does the trade of wood cost annually?

A

$100 billion

54
Q

“Developed countries producing less than ____ of all industrial wood but account for about __ percent of its consumption.” Fill in the blank.

A

Half; 80%

55
Q

“Less developed countries, mainly in the tropics, produce more than ____ of all industrial wood but use only __ percent.” Fill in the blank.

A

Half; 20%

56
Q

What is the fastest growing type of forest product and how much of is used in wood consumption?

A

Paper pulp; 1/5 or 20%

57
Q

What three countries are the largest producers of paper pulp and industrial wood?

A

United States, Russia, and Canada

58
Q

Fuelwood accounts for what percentage of the world’s wood use?

A

50%

59
Q

What amount of fuelwood does a person in a lesser-developed country use in a year?

A

1 meter cubed

60
Q

How many people have less fuel wood than they normally need?

A

1.5 billion people

61
Q

A century ago how many kilometers squared of tropical lands were covered by primary forests?

A

12.5 million km squared

5 million mi squared

62
Q

How many hectares does the FAO estimate are cut and/or burned every year?

A

13 million hectares

63
Q

How many hectares are being cut down in Indonesia’s rainforest annually?

A

2 million hectares

5 million acres

64
Q

What is one of the best known projects involving rehabilitating the land and restoring its ecosystem?

A

Dan Janzen’s work in Guanacaste National Park in Costa Rica.

65
Q

What is REDD, who launched it, and when?

A

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries, it allowed poorer countries to sell carbon offset credits by protecting their forests; United Nations; 2008

66
Q

Debt-For-Nature-Swaps

A

Forgiveness of international debt in exchange for nature protection in developing countries

67
Q

When did the U.S. adopt the Northwest Forest Plan?

A

1994

68
Q

The U.S. Forest Service estimates how many hectares and what percentage of all federal forestlands are at risk of severe fires?

A

33 million hectares

40% of all federal forestlands

69
Q

Ecosystem Management

A

An integration of ecological, economic, and social goals in a unified systems approach to resource management

70
Q

What is the Draft Criteria for Sustainable Forestry?

A

1: Conservation of biological diversity
2: Maintenance of productive capacity of forest ecosystems
3: Maintenance of forest ecosystem health and vitality
4: Maintenance of soil and water resources
5: Maintenance of forest contribution to global carbon cycles
6: Maintenance and enhancement of long-term socioeconomic benefits to meet the needs of legal, institutional, and economic framework for forest conservation and sustainable management

71
Q

Man and Biosphere program (MAB)

A

A design for nature preserves that divides protected areas into zones with different purposes. A highly protected core is surrounded by a buffer zone and peripheral regions in which multiple-use resource harvesting is permitted

72
Q

Biosphere Reserves

A

World heritage sites identified by the IUCN as worthy for national park of wildlife refuge status because of high biological diversity or unique ecological features

Ex. Mexico’s 545,000 hectare (2,100 mi squared) Sian Ka’an Reserve on the Tulum Coast of the Yucatan

73
Q

Explain a model of a biosphere reserve.

A

A core where the protected species are (Turkey)
A buffer zone around that core (Vegetables)
A multipurpose zone around all the above like a nice turkey wrap (Wrap)

74
Q

Corridors

A

A strip of natural habitat that connects two adjacent nature preserves to allow migration of organisms from one place to another

75
Q

Core Habitat

A

Essential habitat for a species

76
Q

Edge Effects

A

A change in species composition, physical conditions, or other ecological factors at the boundary between two ecosystems

77
Q

Landscape Ecology

A

The study of the reciprocal effects of spatial pattern on ecological processes. A study of the ways in which landscape history shapes the features of the land and the organisms that inhabit it as well as our reaction to, and interpretation of, the land

APES: A Global Concern (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions