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Psychology 120 (2) > Chapter 9: Thinking and intelligence > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Thinking and intelligence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

The study of perception, learning, memory, and thought. How people tend to acquire, transform, store, and retrieve knowledge.

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2
Q

What are cognitions?

A

Mental processes involved in gaining knowledge.

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3
Q

What are 4 elements of cognitions?

A
  1. Concepts
  2. Propositions
  3. Cognitive schemas
  4. Metal Image
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4
Q

What are concepts?

A

Mental categories used to classify events and objects. Includes prototypes.

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5
Q

What are prototypes?

A

Standard and typical examples to define fuzzy concepts.

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6
Q

What are propositions?

A

Units of meaning which are composed of concepts to express single ideas.

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7
Q

What are cognitive schemas?

A

Integrated mental networks of knowledge, beliefs and expectations.

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8
Q

What are mental images?

A

A mental picture which mirrors the thing it represents.

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9
Q

What are two levels of Consciousness in thought?

A
  1. subconscious processes

2. nonconscious processes

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10
Q

What are subconscious processes?

A

Processes which occur outside of conscious awareness and are only accessible when necessary (psychoanalytic theory)

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11
Q

What are nonconscious processes?

A

Not available to conscious awareness.

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12
Q

What are two types of nonconscious processes?

A

Implicit learning and mindlessness.

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13
Q

What is implicit learning?

A

Acquiring knowledge without awareness and being able to explain what you have learned.

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14
Q

What is mindlessness?

A

Operating on autopilot (e.g. being oblivious or stereotyping)

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15
Q

What is reasoning?

A

Drawing conclusions/ inferences from observations, facts, and assumptions.

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16
Q

What are formal reasoning problems?

A

Problems that are solved with established methods and have one single correct solution.

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17
Q

What are informal reasoning problems?

A

Problems that do not have a clearly correct solution.

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18
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

When a conclusion follows necessarily from certain premises. Premise is true then conclusion is true.

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19
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

When premises support conclusion but there is still a possibility that the conclusion is false.

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20
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Rules of thumb that suggest a course of action to guide problem-solving but does not necessarily guarantee an optimal solution.

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21
Q

What is dialectic reasoning?

A

Process in which opposing facts are weighed and compared in order to determine the best solution/ resolve differences. (pros & cons)

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22
Q

What stages are there in the development of reflective judgement? (3)

A
  1. Pre-reflective
  2. Quasi-reflective
  3. Reflective
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23
Q

What are pre-reflective stages?

A

Assumptions that the correct answer can be obtained through the senses of from authorities. (children rely on parents)

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24
Q

What are quasi-reflective stages?

A

Stages that recognize limits to absolute certainty, realize judgement should be supported by reasons, yet pay attention to evidence that confirms beliefs (confirmation bias)

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25
Q

What are reflective stages?

A

Stages that consider evidence from a variety of sources and reason dialectically.

26
Q

What are 7 barriers to rational reasoning?

A
  1. Exaggerating improbable (affect and availability heuristic)
  2. Avoiding loss (framing effect)
  3. Fairness bias
  4. Hindsight bias
  5. Confirmation bias
  6. Mental Sets
  7. Need cognitive consistency
27
Q

What is the affect heuristic?

A

Tendency to consult one’s emotions instead of estimating the probability of something occurring objectively.

28
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

Tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples. (plane crash in 9/11 stopped people from taking planes even though more deaths occur from car crashes)

29
Q

What is the framing effect?

A

The tendency to respond more cautiously to things that are negatively framed in order to minimize losses.

30
Q

What is the fairness bias?

A

A sense of fairness taking precedence over rational self-interest when making economic choices.

31
Q

What is the hindsight bias?

A

Tendency to overestimate one’s own ability to have predicted something once the outcome of the event is already known.

32
Q

What is the confirmation bias?

A

Tendency to look for/ inly pay attention to information that support one’s own beliefs.

33
Q

What are mental sets?

A

Tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked for previous problems.

34
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

A state of tension that occurs when a person holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent, or when a person’s own belief is incongruent with their behaviour.

35
Q

When would one try to reduce cognitive dissonance?

A
  1. When you must justify a choice that you made freely
  2. When you need to justify behaviour that conflicts with your view of yourself
  3. When you need to justify effort put into a decision of choice.
36
Q

What is intelligence?

A

An inferred characteristic of an individual that usually defines the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment.

37
Q

How is intelligence measured? (2)

A

Using psychometric or cognitive approaches.

38
Q

What is the psychometric approach to intelligence?

A

Approach measures mental abilities, traits, and processes.

39
Q

What is factor analysis?

A

Statistical method for analyzing intercorrelations among measures or test scores.

40
Q

What is the “g factor”?

A

A general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underlie specific mental abilities and talents.

41
Q

What is mental age (MA)?

A

The relative intellectual development relative to that of other children.

42
Q

Which scientists examined mental age?

A

Binet (developed first test to pick out which children were not doing as well) and Simon..

43
Q

What was an early scoring system devised to yield IQ?

A

MA/CA x 100

44
Q

Why didn’t the early way of measuring IQ work well?

A

Doesn’t apply to adults.

45
Q

How is IQ distributed on a graph?

A

“normally” on bell shaped curve.

46
Q

What percentage of people have an IQ between 85-115?

A

68%

47
Q

What percentage of people have an IQ between 55-145?

A

97.5%

48
Q

What are 3 types of IQ tests?

A
  1. Standford Binet Intelligence test -> Lewis Terman brought to North America
  2. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
  3. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
49
Q

What is Stereotype threat?

A

A burden of doubt a person feels about their own performance due to negative stereotypes about parts of their identity and their groups abilities.

50
Q

What is the cognitive approach to intelligence?

A

Assumes that there are many kinds of intelligence and emphasizes strategies people use when thinking about a problem and arriving at a solution. Reject “g factor”.

51
Q

What is Sternberg’s Triarchic theory of intelligence?

A

Emphasizes information processing strategies, the ability to creatively transfer skill to new situations, and the practical application of intelligence.

52
Q

What are Sternberg’s 3 aspects of intelligence?

A
  1. Componential-analytic
  2. Experiential- creative
  3. Contextual- practical
53
Q

What are Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences?

A
  1. Linguistic
  2. Logico-mathematical
  3. Musical
  4. Spatial
  5. Bodily-kinesthetic
  6. Naturalist
  7. Interpersonal (awareness of others)
  8. Intrapersonal (self-aware)
54
Q

What is cognitive ethology?

A

Study of cognitive processes in nonhuman animals.

55
Q

Can some animals anticipate events, plan, and coordinate activities with others?

A

Yes.

56
Q

In Kohler’s study of the chimpanzee sultan, what did he discover?

A

Sultan was able to think, plan, and problem-solve to get bananas down from a high location.

57
Q

What is ‘theory of mind’?

A

A system of beliefs about the way one’s mind and the minds of others work. Some animals may have this.

58
Q

What is anthromorphism?

A

The tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings.

59
Q

What is anthropodenial?

A

The tendency to think that humans have nothing in common with other animals.

60
Q

What is creativity?

A

A measure of our divergent thinking.

61
Q

What tests the mental flexibility necessary for creativity?

A

The Remote Associates Test.

62
Q

What personality characteristics are important for creativity?

A
  1. Nonconformity
  2. Curiosity
  3. Persistence

Psychology 120 (2) (10 decks)

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