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Psychology 120 (2) > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what is the central nervous system?

A

the portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what is the spinal cord?

A

a collection of neurons and supportive tissue running from the base of the brain down the centre of the back, protected by a column of bones (the spinal column)

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4
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system?

A

all portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; it includes sensory and motor nerves

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5
Q

what subsystems are included in the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic, autonomic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic

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6
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

A

the subdivision of the pns that connects to sensory receptors and to skeletal muscles

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7
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

the subdivision of the pns that regulates the internal organs and glands

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8
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

the subdivision of the pns that operates during relaxed states and that conserves energy

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9
Q

what is a neuron?

A

a cell that conducts electrochemical signals; the basic unit of the nervous system (nerve cell)

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10
Q

what is glia?

A

cells that support, nurture, and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons dies, enhance the formation of neural connections, and modify neural functioning

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11
Q

what 6 parts are there in the neuron?

A

dendrites, cell body, myelin sheath, nodes, syapse, and axons

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12
Q

what are dendrites?

A

a neuron’s branches that receive information from other neurons and transmit it toward the cell body

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13
Q

what is the cell body?

A

the part of the neuron that keeps it alive and determines whether or not it will fire

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14
Q

what is the axon?

A

a neuron’s extending fibre that conducts impulses away from the cell body and transmits them to other neurons

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15
Q

what is the myelin sheath?

A

a fatty insulation that may surround the axon of a neuron

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16
Q

what is a nerve?

A

the build-up of nerve fibres (axons and sometimes dendrites) in the pns

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17
Q

what is neurogenesis?

A

the production of new neurons from immature stem cells

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18
Q

what are stem cells?

A

immature cells that renew themselves and have the potential to develop into mature cells; given encouraging environments, stem cells from early embryos can develop into any type of cell

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19
Q

what is the synapse?

A

the site where transmission of a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to another occurs; it includes the axon terminal, the synaptic cleft, and the receptor sites in the membrane of the receiving cell

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20
Q

what is action potential?

A

a brief change in electrical voltage that occurs between the inside and the outside of an axon when a neuron is stimulated; it serves to produce an electrical impulse

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21
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

a chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse and that alters the activity of a receiving neuron

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22
Q

what is plasticity?

A

the brains ability to change and adapt in response to experience– for example, by reorganizing or growing new neural conncetions

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23
Q

what are endorphins?

A

chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in structure and action to opiates; they are involved in pain reduction, pleasure, and memory and are known technically as endogenous opioid peptides

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24
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical substances, secreted by organs called glands, that affect the functioning of other organs

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25
Q

what are some well-known neurontransmitters?

A

serotonin, dopamine, actylcholine, GABA, glutamine, and norepiniphrine

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26
Q

what are 3 types of neurons?

A
  1. sensory neurons (carry to brain)
  2. motor neurons (carry from brain to muscle in body)
  3. interneurons (most found in brain and spinal cord)
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27
Q

what are nodes?

A

constrictions in myelin sheath which speed up movement of neural impulses

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28
Q

what charge does the inside of a neuron have during resting potential?

A

negative

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29
Q

what is polarization?

A

when there is a balance between the negative and positive

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30
Q

what is the ‘all or none’ principle?

A

if something is sufficiently stimulated, it will fire to its full potential

31
Q

what is reuptake?

A

after communication, a neurotransmitter is taken back in the neuron that released it

32
Q

what does dopamine effect?

A

emotional arousal, learning, and memory

33
Q

what does GABA effect?

A

motor behaviour and level of arousal

34
Q

what does serotonin effect?

A

activity, sleep, appetite, emotion

35
Q

what does acetylcholine effect?

A

muscle activity and memory

36
Q

what is glutamate?

A

Major excitatory neurotransmiter in the brain

37
Q

what does norepiniphrine effect?

A

increased heart rate, slowed intestinal activity during stress, learning, memory, dreaming, walking, emotion

38
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

internal organs that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream

39
Q

what are 4 major hormones?

A
  1. melatonin: daily biological rhythms
  2. oxytocin: child birth and milk secretion
  3. adrenal hormones: emotion and stress
  4. sex hormones: regulate development and functioning of reproductive organs (androgen/estrogen)
40
Q

what is the brain stem?

A

the most primitive part of the brain

41
Q

what are the 3 parts of the brain stem?

A

medula, pons, and reticular activating system

42
Q

what is the medulla?

A

it is responsible for automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate

43
Q

what are pons?

A

involved in sleeping, waking, and dreaming

44
Q

what is the reticular activating system?

A

some that extends from the brain stem; arouses cortex and screen incoming information

45
Q

what is the cerebellum?

A

a brain structure that regulates movement and balance and is involved in the learning of certain kinds of simple responses

46
Q

what is the thalamus?

A

a brain structure that relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex

47
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A

brain structure involved in emotions and drives that are vital to survival (fear, hunger, thirst, reproduction), it regulates the autonomic nervous system

48
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

endocrine gland at base of brain that releases many hormones and regulates other endocrine glands

49
Q

what is the amygdala?

A

involved in arousal and regulation of emotion; initial emotional response to sensory information

50
Q

what is the hippocampus?

A

involved in the storage of new information in memory

51
Q

what is the cerebrum?

A

largest brain structure, consisting of the upper part of the brain, divided into two hemispheres, it is in charge of most sensory, motor, and cognitive processes

52
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A

collections of several thin layers of cells covering the cerebrum; largely responsible for higher mental functions

53
Q

what are the lobes in the cerbral cortex?

A
  1. frontal lobe: front. memory, movement, speech and language
  2. occipital lobe: lower back. visual sense
  3. parietal lobe: top. touch and body awareness
  4. temporal lobe: sides. speech, hearing, some visual system processing
54
Q

what is flouroscopy?

A

A continuous X-ray beam is passed through the body part being examined. The beam is transmitted to a TV-like monitor so that the body part and its motion can be seen in detail.

55
Q

what is an electron microscope?

A

Microscope uses electron beam to illuminate specimen to produce a magnified image

56
Q

what is the lesion method of studying the brain?

A

damaging or removing section of brain in animals and then observing the effects

57
Q

what is imaging used for when studying the brain?

A

can watch how brain behaves (CT, PET, and fMRI)

58
Q

what are computerized tomography (CT) scans?

A

Use Xray technology to provide structural info

about the brain and the ventricles in the brain. Originally only 2D, now 3D.

59
Q

what is positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Uses a tracer and then lies in a tunnel shape apparatus that emits Xrays
Look for blood flow and metabolism when the individual is doing different tasks or activities (what parts light up)

60
Q

what is functional magnetic resonance imaging?

A

a moving picture that uses extremely strong magnets

61
Q

what is diffuse optical tomography?

A

Near infrared spectography: optic fibres and infrared light is beamed at the babies brain

62
Q

what is recording used for and how is it uses?

A

record electrical and magnetic output from brain and is used to treat depression and anxiety (EEG and TMS)

63
Q

what is the electroencephalogram (eeg)?

A

Measure brain wave activity (electrical patterns that are created by the rhythmic firing of neurons in brain)

64
Q

what does the left hemisphere of the brain specialize in?

A

speech processing and language

65
Q

what does the right hemisphere of the brain specialize in?

A

creative, spatial, and musical tasks

66
Q

what is neuroplasticity?

A

If one section is damaged another section of the brain may take over the skills (relearning of skills)

67
Q

what does lateralization of function refer to?

A

localization of a function in one hemisphere or the other

68
Q

what is a hemispherectomy

A

removal of parts of cerebral cortex of 1 hemisphere

radical treatment for severe seizure disorder

69
Q

what is Rasmussen’s syndrome

A

seizures in one hemisphere of brain

70
Q

what is the split brain?

A

what pathways connecting the left and right hemispheres are severed

71
Q

what is the role of prenatal androgens in the development of lateralization?

A

prenatal androgens (primarily testosterone) play a
role in lateralization of language and visual-spatial
skills. testosterone play a role in language in the brain, girls have higher levels of prenatal testosterone

72
Q

how does someones dominant hand relate to their language lateralization?

A

generally the dominant hand will be opposite to what side of the brain is in charge of language processing.

73
Q

how are people who have dominant left in comparison to people with dominant right?

A

left brain: more analytical and sequential

right brain: more holistic in their thinking

Psychology 120 (2) (10 decks)

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