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Psychology 120 (2) > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sensation?

A

the detection of physical energy emitted or reflected by physical objects; it occurs when energy in the body stimulates the receptors in the sense organs.

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2
Q

what is perception?

A

the process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information

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3
Q

what are sense receptors?

A

specialized cells that convert physical energy in the environment or the body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain

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4
Q

what is the doctrine of specific nerve energies and who came up with it?

A

Johannes Muller, and the principle that different sensory modalities exist because signals received by the sense organs stimulate different nerve pathways leading to different areas of the brain.

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5
Q

what is synesthesia?

A

a condition in which stimulation of one sense also evokes another. (sensory cross-over)

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6
Q

what 3 steps allow one to sense something?

A
  1. sensory receptors (scouts)
  2. sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system (field officers) transmit what the sensory receptors detected.
  3. Impulses reach the cells of the brain (command centre)
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7
Q

what is the absolute threshold?

A

the smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer.

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8
Q

what is the difference threshold?

A

the smallest difference in stimulation that can be reliably detected by an observer when two stimuli are compared; also called just noticeable differences (jnd)

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9
Q

what is the signal-detection theory?

A

a psychophysical theory that divides the detection fo a sensory signal into a sensory process and a decision process

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10
Q

what is sensory adaptation?

A

the reduction or disappearance of sensory responsiveness when stimulation is unchanging or repetitious.

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11
Q

In response to signal detection if the stimulus and person’s response are both present, what is it?

A

a hit

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12
Q

In response to signal detection if the stimulus is not present but the person’s response is, what is it?

A

a false alarm

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13
Q

In response to signal detection if the stimulus and person’s response are not present, what is it?

A

a correct rejection

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14
Q

In response to signal detection if the stimulus is present but the person’s response is not, what is it?

A

a miss

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15
Q

what is sensory deprivation?

A

the absence of normal levels of sensory stimulation

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16
Q

what is selective attention?

A

the focusing of attention on selected aspects of the environment and the blocking out of others

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17
Q

what is inattentional blindness?

A

failure to consciously perceive something you are looking at because you are not attending to it

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18
Q

what is a hue?

A

the dimension of visual experiences specified by colour names and related to the wavelength of light

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19
Q

what is brightness?

A

lightness or luminance; the dimension of visual experience related to the amount of light related to the amount of light emitted from or reflected by an object.

20
Q

what is saturation?

A

the thing that make your insta photos look nicer.
or
vividness or purity of colour; the dimension of visual experiences related to the complexity of light waves.

21
Q

what is the retina?

A

neural tissue lining the back of the eyeball’s interior, which contains the receptors for the brain.

22
Q

what are rods?

A

visual receptors that respond to dim light.

23
Q

what are cones?

A

visual receptors involved in colour vision

24
Q

what is the dark adaptation?

A

a process by which visual receptors become maximally sensitive to dim light

25
Q

what are ganglion cells?

A

neurons in the retina of the eye that gather information from receptor cells (by way of intermediate bipolar cells); their axons make up the optic nerve.

26
Q

what are feature detector cells?

A

cells in the visual cortex that are sensitive to specific features of the environment

27
Q

what is the trichromatic theory?

A

a theory of colour perception that proposes three mechanisms in the visual system, each sensitive to a certain range of wavelength; their interaction is assumed to produce all the different experiences of hue

28
Q

what is the opponent-process?

A

a theory of colour perception that assumes that the visual system treats pairs of colours as opposing or antagonistic

29
Q

What are Gestalt’s 4 principles?

A
  1. proximity
  2. closure
  3. similarity
  4. continuity
30
Q

What are Gestalts principles described as?

A

Principles that describe the brains organization of sensory information into meaningful units and patterns.

31
Q

What is the principle of proximity?

A

things that are near to each other tend to be grouped together

32
Q

What is the principle of closure?

A

the brain tends to fill in gaps in order to perceive complete forms

33
Q

What is the principle of similarity?

A

things that are alike in some way tend to be perceived as belonging to each other

34
Q

What is the principle of continuity?

A

lines and patterns tend to be perceived as continuing in time or space

35
Q

what are binocular cues?

A

visual cues to depth or distance requiring two eyes

36
Q

what is convergence?

A

the turning inward of the eyes, which occurs when one focuses on a nearby object

37
Q

what is retinal disparity?

A

the slight difference in lateral separation between two objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye

38
Q

what are monocular cues?

A

visual cues to depth or distance that can be used by one eye alone

39
Q

What is perceptual constancy?

A

the accurate perception of objects as stable or unchanged despite changes in the sensory patterns they produce.

40
Q

What are the 5 visual constancies?

A
  1. shape constancy
  2. location constancy
  3. size constancy
  4. brightness constancy
  5. colour constancy
41
Q

What are some monocular cues to depth? (7)

A
  1. light and shadow
  2. interposition
  3. motion parallax
  4. relative size
  5. relative clarity
  6. texture gradients
  7. linear perspective
42
Q

What is the Muller-lyer Illusion?

A

two lines that look like different lengths even though they are actually the same

43
Q

what is the gate-control theory of pain?

A

the theory that the experiences of pain depends in part on whether pain impulses get past a neurological “gate” in the spinal cord and thus reach the brain.

44
Q

what is phantom pain?

A

the experience of pain in a missing limb or other body part

45
Q

what is priming?

A

a method used to measure unconscious cognitive processes, in which a person is exposed to information and is later tested to see whether the information affects behaviour or performance on another task or in another situation.

46
Q

Does any evidence indicate that priming works?

A

nope

Psychology 120 (2) (10 decks)

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