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Psychology 120 (2) > Chapter 7: Learning and Conditioning > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Learning and Conditioning Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 3 basic forms of learning?

A
  1. Habituation
  2. Cognitive Learning
  3. Conditioning (classical and operant)
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2
Q

What is habituation?

A

adaptation; learn we don’t need to respond to stimulus that doesn’t change (not noticing the socks on your feet)

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3
Q

What is cognitive learning?

A

When people start to think differently about behaviour and its relationship to environmental influence.

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4
Q

What is conditioning?

A

When behaviours are directly connected to specific stimulus in the in the environment.

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5
Q

How is learning studied?

A

Through experiments.

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6
Q

What do people learn?

A

Associations.

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7
Q

What are associations influenced by? (3)

A
  1. Frequency
  2. Contiguity (timing)
  3. Contingency (prediction)
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8
Q

Who was the founder of classical conditioning and what experiment did he do to discover it?

A

Pavlov, tested what ways he could condition a dog to salivate.

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9
Q

What is conditioning?

A

Systematic procedure through which associations and responses to specific stimuli are learned.

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10
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

An event that has an impact on an organism

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11
Q

What is a response?

A

A reaction of an organism

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12
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus that is elicits and unconditioned response without an form of learning

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13
Q

What is an unconditioned response?

A

A response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without any form of learning (reflex)

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14
Q

What is a neural (orienting) stimulus?

A

A stimulus that does not elicit the response of interest (unconditioned response)

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15
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

The stimulus which elicits a new response as a result of the conditioning process.

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16
Q

What is a conditioned response?

A

A response to a previously neural stimulus learned through association.

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17
Q

What are the 3 stages of classical conditioning? Describe stimulus and response.

A
  1. Before Conditioning- unconditioned stimulus and response.
  2. During Conditioning- conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response
  3. After Conditioning- conditioned stimulus and response
    e. g. dog responds to bell with salivation after it is paired with food
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18
Q

What is extinction of classical conditioning?

A

The disappearance of the conditioned response. In operant conditioning it will disappear if there is not reinforcement.

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19
Q

What is spontaneous recovery of classical conditioning?

A

The sudden reoccurrence of a previously extinguished response.

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20
Q

What is second-order conditioning?

A

When the conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

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21
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

Similar stimuli produce a conditioned response. (little Albert)

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22
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

Response doesn’t occur when stimuli are too different from conditioned stimuli. In operant conditioning reinforcement is delivered when animal discriminated properly.

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23
Q

What is discrimination training often used for?

A

Used extensively in dogs (different whistle tones associated with specific behaviours)

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24
Q

What is counter conditioning?

A

Undesirable responses are replaced with desirable ones. e.g. giving someone who is afraid of something something pleasurable (cookie) whenever the stimulus that provokes fear is around (peter)

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25
Q

What is systematic desensitization?

A

Reduction of phobias by gradually exposing fear-provoking stimulus (very slow process)

26
Q

What is flooding?

A

Client is exposed to fear-provoking stimulus until the fear response is extinguished (fast process but very unpleasant)

27
Q

What are operant behaviours?

A

Behaviours that are spontaneously emitted and are non reflexive

28
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Something which occurs when behaviour is associated with its consequence.

29
Q

Who are key figures in the study of operant conditioning? (2)

A

Thorndike and Skinner.

30
Q

What were Thorndike’s cat experiments for instrumental conditioning?

A

Hungry cats in cages learned to escape by hitting a lever.

31
Q

What is the Law of Effect?

A

That rewards encourage useful responses and lack of reward discourages useless ones. (e.g. ignore child when they have a temper tantrum –> lack of reward)

32
Q

Who introduced the word “operant”?

A

Skinner with his operant chamber (skinner box)

33
Q

What was the skinner box?

A

An operant chamber with mice that contained a responding mechanism and delivered a consequence (food tray)

34
Q

What is shaping of behaviour?

A

When successive approximations of behaviour are rewarded until final desirable behaviour is learned.

35
Q

What are 2 types of consequences of behaviour?

A

Reinforcment and punishment

36
Q

What do reinforcers do?

A

Increase the probability that a behaviour will occur.

37
Q

What is a positive reinforcement?

A

Presentation of a pleasant stimulus to increase behaviour

38
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Removal of a aversive stimulus to increase behaviour.

39
Q

What are primary reinforcers?

A

Reinforcers that have survival value and do not need to be learned.

40
Q

What are secondary reinforcers?

A

Reinforcers that were initially neutral with no intrinsic value. (e.g. money and good grades)

41
Q

What are superstitious behaviours?

A

Accidental reinforcement that leads to an increased behaviour

42
Q

What is punishment?

A

A process by which a stimulus follows a response and reduces the frequency of a response.

43
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

When an aversive stimulus is presented to decrease the frequency of a behaviour.

44
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

When a pleasant stimulus is removed to decrease the frequency of a behaviour. (more effective)

45
Q

What are 4 types of schedules of reinforcement?

A
  1. Fixed interval schedule
  2. Variable Interval schedule
  3. Fixed ratio schedule
  4. Variable ratio schedule
46
Q

What is a fixed interval schedule?

A

One which reinforces the first response after a given amount of time has passed

47
Q

What is a variable interval schedule?

A

One which reinforces the first response but the amount of time varies

48
Q

What is a fixed ratio schedule?

A

Reinforcement comes after a set number of responses.

49
Q

What is variable ratio schedule?

A

Reinforces after a number of response, but the number varies.

50
Q

What does behavioural self-regulation assume?

A

That people will engage in behaviours that seem optimal.

51
Q

What is Behaviour modification/ applied behaviour analysis?

A

The application of operant conditioning techniques to teach new responses or reduce problematic behaviour.

52
Q

When is punishment most effective?

A

Immediately after undesirable behaviour occurs. Consistency is more important than severity.

53
Q

Why isn’t punishment often affective? (6)

A
  1. Punishment administered inappropriately
  2. Recipient of punishment responds with fear/anxiety/rage
  3. Effectiveness of punishment is temporary
  4. Behaviour is hard to punish immediately
  5. Punishment conveys little information
  6. Punishment may mistakenly reinforce because it brings attention
54
Q

What did Hebb believe about learning?

A

That the structure of the brain changes with learning and temporary changes in neurons occur with initial exposure to new stimulus.

55
Q

What is consolidation?

A

The evolution of temporary changes in neurons into permanent circuits.

56
Q

What is insight?

A

Discovering relationships between events.

57
Q

What is latent learning?

A

non-visible learning that occurs without direct reinforcement. (e.g. rats developing mental maps of mazes without reinforcement for running maze)

58
Q

Who is credited with social learning theory?

A

Albert Bandura

59
Q

What did Bandura theorize about obervational learning?

A

Children who watched aggressive behaviour were significantly more violent when presented with ‘bobo doll’ –> kids learn through modelling

60
Q

Does media violence make people more violent?

A

Meta-analyses show that the greater the exposure to violence in movies/TV, the stronger the likelihood of behaving aggressively but this could be because children and adults who are already aggressive are drawn to aggressive media and it therefore effects them more.

Psychology 120 (2) (10 decks)

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