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Psychology 120 (2) > Chapter 10: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

Ability to recall past events in a reconstructed way. Allows for retention and retrieval.

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2
Q

Memory

A

Ability to recall past events in a reconstructed way. Allows for retention and retrieval.

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3
Q

What are the 3 Key Processes of Information Processing?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval
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4
Q

Encoding can be… (2)

A

Automatic or controlled.

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5
Q

What is encoding?

A

Organization of sensory information to be used by the nervous system.

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6
Q

What is storage?

A

The process of maintaining information within the stores of the brain.

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7
Q

What are the 3 Stages of Storage?

A
  1. Sensory Memory
  2. Short-term Working Memory
  3. Long-term Memory
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8
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

A mechanism that encodes and briefly stores stimulus which can be auditory, visual, or tactile.

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9
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

Active process that holds information.

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10
Q

How much was it originally thought that humans could in short-term memory hold and who did study on this?

A

Miller. 7 items give or take 2.

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11
Q

How can one maintain memories in their short-term memory?

A

Through repetitive processing of information (rehearsal)

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12
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

Repetition and analysis of information in order to keep more information in short-term memory.

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13
Q

What is Chunking?

A

Grouping information in ways that expand short-term memory.

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14
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

Memory systems that are involved in the long-term storage of information. Permanent with unlimited capacity.

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15
Q

How is long term memory generally organized?

A

Semantic maps and categories.

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16
Q

What are the two types of long-term memory?

A
  1. Procedural (Implicit)

2. Declarative (Explicit)

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17
Q

What are two types of declarative memories?

A
  1. Semantic (general)

2. Episodic (personal)

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18
Q

What is an procedural memory?

A

The ability to remember how to perform an acquired skill, not linked to a point in time and can be retained from early age.

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19
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Ability to remember and verbalize information.

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20
Q

What is episodic memory affected by?

A

Confabulation.

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21
Q

What is source misattribution?

A

Inability to distinguish an actual memory of event from information you have learned about that event.

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22
Q

What is confabulation?

A

Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you/ belief that you remember something that didn’t actually happen to you.

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23
Q

What can cause confabulation? (4)

A
  1. Repetitive retelling/rehearing of a story.
  2. Story is detailed
  3. Easy to imagine
  4. Focuses on emotional reactions of event.
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24
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Process by which information is recovered by memory.

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25
Q

What are 3 measures of retrieval?

A
  1. Recall
  2. Recognition
  3. Relearning
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26
Q

What are recall tasks?

A

Participants are asked to remember previously presented information.

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27
Q

What are 3 widely used recall tasks?

A
  1. Free Recall (any order)
  2. Serial Recall (same order as presented)
  3. Paired Associate (cue to recall second half of pair)
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28
Q

What is the serial-position effect?

A

The tendency for recall of first and last items of a list to surpass the recall of items in the middle of a list.

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29
Q

What are the 3 Key Processes of Information Processing?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval
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30
Q

Encoding can be… (2)

A

Automatic or controlled.

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31
Q

What is encoding?

A

Organization of sensory information to be used by the nervous system.

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32
Q

What is storage?

A

The process of maintaining information within the stores of the brain.

How well did you know this?
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3
4
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33
Q

What are the 3 Stages of Storage?

A
  1. Sensory Memory
  2. Short-term Working Memory
  3. Long-term Memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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34
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

A mechanism that encodes and briefly stores stimulus which can be auditory, visual, or tactile.

35
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

Active process that holds information.

36
Q

How much was it originally thought that humans could in short-term memory hold and who did study on this?

A

Miller. 7 items give or take 2.

37
Q

How can one maintain memories in their short-term memory?

A

Through repetitive processing of information (rehearsal)

38
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

Repetition and analysis of information in order to keep more information in short-term memory.

39
Q

What is Chunking?

A

Grouping information in ways that expand short-term memory.

40
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

Memory systems that are involved in the long-term storage of information. Permanent with unlimited capacity.

41
Q

How is long term memory generally organized?

A

Semantic maps and categories.

42
Q

What are the two types of long-term memory?

A
  1. Procedural (Implicit)

2. Declarative (Explicit)

43
Q

What are two types of declarative memories?

A
  1. Semantic (general)

2. Episodic (personal)

44
Q

What is an procedural memory?

A

The ability to remember how to perform an acquired skill, not linked to a point in time and can be retained from early age.

45
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Ability to remember and verbalize information.

46
Q

What is Cue-dependent forgetting?

A

The inability to remember something without a cue to remind you of that information.

47
Q

What is source misattribution?

A

Inability to distinguish an actual memory of event from information you have learned about that event.

48
Q

What is confabulation?

A

Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you/ belief that you remember something that didn’t actually happen to you.

49
Q

What can cause confabulation? (4)

A
  1. Repetitive retelling/rehearing of a story.
  2. Story is detailed
  3. Easy to imagine
  4. Focuses on emotional reactions of event.
50
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Process by which information is recovered by memory.

51
Q

What are 3 measures of retrieval?

A
  1. Recall
  2. Recognition
  3. Relearning
52
Q

What are recall tasks?

A

Participants are asked to remember previously presented information.

53
Q

What are 3 widely used recall tasks?

A
  1. Free Recall (any order)
  2. Serial Recall (same order as presented)
  3. Paired Associate (cue to recall second half of pair)
54
Q

What is the serial-position effect?

A

The tendency for recall of first and last items of a list to surpass the recall of items in the middle of a list.

55
Q

What are recognition tasks?

A

Particpants are asked to recognize relevant information (e.g. MC tests)

56
Q

What is relearning?

A

Repeated attempts to better learning information that in already partially in memory (shorter time = improved memory)

57
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

Effectiveness of retrieval cue depends on how well it matches with original encoded memory.

58
Q

What is state-dependent learning?

A

Information learned in a particular state is best remembered in that same state (drug use, traumatic experiences, time of day)

59
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

Long-lasting increase in strength of synaptic responsiveness. Reflects Hebbian learning ideas; may involve glutamate.

60
Q

What is consolidation?

A

The process by which synaptic changes associated with recently stored memories become durable and stable –> memory becomes more reliable.

61
Q

Which part of the brain is linked to STM tasks?

A

Frontal Lobe.

62
Q

Which part of the brain is linked to LTM tasks?

A

Hippocampus.

63
Q

What part of the brain is used when encoding words and pictures?

A

Prefrontal cortex and areas adjacent to the hippocampus.

64
Q

What part of the brain are procedural memories linked to?

A

Changes in the cerebellum.

65
Q

What part of the brain is involved in the formation of LTM?

A

Cerebral cortex.

66
Q

What are some things that may enhance memory?

A

The combination of epinephrine and glucose.

Moderate levels of stress hormone (too much impairs memory but a small amount released by adrenal gland is good.)

67
Q

What are 5 Things that account for why we forget?

A
  1. Decay
  2. Replacement
  3. Interference
  4. Cue-dependent Forgetting
  5. Amnesia
68
Q

What is decay theory?

A

Information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed.

69
Q

What is replacement?

A

New information can wipe out old information (stop-sign study)

70
Q

What are 2 types of interference?

A
  1. Retroactive interference

2. Proactive interference

71
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

When recently learned information interferes with the ability to remember similar material that was already stored.

72
Q

What is Proactive interference?

A

When previously learned information interferes with ability to remember similar, more recent information.

73
Q

What is Cue-dependent forgetting?

A

The inability to remember something without a cue to remind you of that information.

74
Q

What are 2 types of amnesia?

A

Psychogenic amnesia and Traumatic amnesia.

75
Q

What is psychogenic amnesia?

A

Loss of personal identity associated with psychological causes (short-term memory loss)

76
Q

What is traumatic amnesia?

A

Loss of memory involving the burying of specific traumatic events, usually lasts a long period of time. Involves repression.

77
Q

What is repression?

A

The selective involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious. This is controversial.

78
Q

why is repression controversial?

A

Because individuals are more likely to remember traumatic events and its is hard to distinguish from other forms of forgetting.

79
Q

What is childhood amnesia?

A

Inability to remember things from first few years of life.

80
Q

What explains infantile amnesia (3)?

A
  1. Brain development (prefrontal cortex)
  2. Cognitive development (lacking sense of self)
  3. Social Development (focus on routine of experiences and not distinctive experiences)
81
Q

What are narratives?

A

Something we compose, simplify, and use to make sense of our lives.

82
Q

What is a flashbulb memory?

A

Ability to vividly recall circumstances in which a person heard about a dramatic event. (9/11)

83
Q

What is extraordinary memory?

A

Ability to remember many things at once, can be improved with practice.

84
Q

How can one improve their own memory?

A
  1. Rehearsal
  2. Active Learning
  3. Personal Meaning
  4. Distribute practice
  5. Avoiding interference
  6. Chunking
  7. Mnemonics- imagery

Psychology 120 (2) (10 decks)

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