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Psychology 120 (2) > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the consciousness?

A

awareness of oneself and the environment

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2
Q

what is a biological rhythm?

A

a periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a biological system; may or may not have psychological implications

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3
Q

what is entrainment?

A

the synchronization of biological rhythms with external cues, such as fluctuations in daylight

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4
Q

what does endogenous mean?

A

generated from within rather than by external cues

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5
Q

what is the circadian rhythm?

A

a biological rhythm with a period (from peak to peak or trough to trough) of about 24 hours

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6
Q

what is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

A

an area of the brain containing a biological clock that governs circadian rhythms

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7
Q

what does the scn regulate?

A

levels or hormones and neurotransmitters, they provide feedback that effects the scn’s functioning

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8
Q

what is melatonin?

A

a hormone, secreted by the pineal gland, that is involved in the regulation of daily biological (circadian) rhythms

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9
Q

what is internal desynchronization?

A

a state in which biological rhythms are not in phase (synchronized) with one another.

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10
Q

what is seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?

A

when people are depressed during specific seasons (typically winter). can be treated with light therapy.

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11
Q

when does internal desynchronization happen?

A

time zone changes, different shifts

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12
Q

Do most women suffer with the emotional symptoms of PMS, the physical symptoms of PMS, or both?

A

physical, few suffer with emotional

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13
Q

what is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

A

sleep periods characterized by eye movement, loss of muscle tone, and dreaming

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14
Q

what is nREM sleep?

A

periods of sleep where less rapid eye movmeent occurs. there are 4 stages

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15
Q

describe the first stage of nREM sleep

A

brain waves small and irregular, drifting on edge of consciousness, light sleep, if awakened you may recall fantasies or a few visual iamges

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16
Q

describe the second stage of nREM sleep

A

brain emits occasional short bursts of rapid, high-peaking waves (spindles), minor noises wont disturb

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17
Q

describe the third stage of nREM sleep

A

brain emits waves that are characteristic of stage two but also emits delta waves which are very slow with high peaks, breathings slows down, muscles relax, and you are hard to wake up

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18
Q

describe the fourth stage of nREM sleep

A

delta waves take over, deep sleep, very hard to wake, this may be the time when sleep walking occurs

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19
Q

what is the sequence of stages of sleep, how long does a sleep cycle take, and how many stages typically happen at once?

A

1,2,3,4,3,2, REM,2,3,4,3,2, REM, etc.

Approximately 90mins per cycle, 20 mins in REM and 5 cycles

20
Q

what may result from sleep deprivation?

A

mental flexibility, attention, and creative activity go down. hallucinations or delusions may occur.

21
Q

what is sleep apnea?

A

a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke and gasp and momentarily awaken

22
Q

what is narcolepsy?

A

a sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep.

23
Q

what is REM behaviour disorder?

A

a disorder in which the muscle paralysis that normally occurs during REM sleep is absent or incomplete, and the sleeper is able to act out their dreams

24
Q

what is consolidation?

A

a process by which the synaptic changes associated with recently stored memories become durable and stable, causing memory to become more reliable

25
Q

what is a lucid dream?

A

a dream in which the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming

26
Q

what did Freud think dreams were?

A

psychoanalytic appraoch, nighttimes fantasies which provide insight into unconscious desires, motives, and conflicts

27
Q

what is manifest content?

A

the parts of the dream that are consciously experienced. Parts of the dreams that we remember. Often involves ‘day residue’.

28
Q

what is latent content?

A

aspects of dreams that are unconscious wishes being expressed symbolically.

29
Q

what is the problem-focused approach to dreams?

A

symbols and metaphors in dreams convey meaning related to a persons current concerns, may help us to resolve those problems

30
Q

what is the cognitive approach to dreaming?

A

emphasizes current concerns but makes no claims to problem-solving during sleep

31
Q

what is activation-synthesis theory?

A

the theory that daydreaming results from the cortical synthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain

32
Q

what is hypnosis?

A

a procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behaviour of the participant

33
Q

describe 6 qualities regarding the nature of hypnosis

A
  1. hypnotic responsiveness depends more on the efforts and qualities of the person being hypnotized than on the skill of the hypnotist
  2. hypnotized people cannot be forced to do things against their will
  3. feats peformed while under hypnosis can be performed by motivated people without hypnosis
  4. hypnosis does not increase the accuracy of memory
  5. hypnosis does not produce literal re-experiencing of long-ago events
  6. hypnotic suggestions have been used effectively for many medical and psychological purposes
34
Q

what is dissociation?

A

a split consciousness in which one part of the mind operates independently of others

35
Q

what is the dissociation theory of hypnosis?

A

hypnosis, like lucid dreaming, involves dissociation

36
Q

what is the sociocognitive approach to hypnosis?

A

the effects of hypnosis result from an interaction between the social influence of the hypnotist ad the abilities, beliefs, and expectations of the subject.

37
Q

what is a psychoactive drug?

A

a drug capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behaviour.

38
Q

what are stimulants?

A

drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system (caffeine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, cocaine, tobacco)

39
Q

what are depressants?

A

drugs that slow activity in the central nervous system (alcohol, tranquilizers, barbiturates)

40
Q

what are opiates?

A

drugs, derived from the opium poppy, that relieve pain and commonly produce euphoria (opium, heroine, morphine, codeine, codeine-based pain relievers)

41
Q

psychedelic drugs

A

mind-altering drugs that produce hallucinations, change thought process, or disrupt the normal perception of time and space (LSD, psilocybin,mescaline, marijuana;mild)

42
Q

what are anabolic steroids?

A

synthetic derivatives of testosterone that are taken in pill form or by injection, to increase muscle mass and strength

43
Q

define tolerance.

A

increase resistance to a drug’s effects accompanying continued use.

44
Q

define withdrawl

A

physical and psychological symptoms that occur when someone addicted to a drug stops taking it

45
Q

what are 4 psychological effects of drugs?

A
  1. Individual factors like body weight, metabolism, initial state of emotional arousal, personality characteristics, and physical tolerance for the drug
  2. “Experience with the drug” the number of times the person has taken it
  3. “Environmental settings” refers to the context in which a person takes a drug
  4. “Mental set” refers to expectations about the drug’s side effects as well as reasons for taking it

Psychology 120 (2) (10 decks)

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